Question.1071 - Scully and Mulder must speak with various informants about a UFO sighting that occurred in Kansas.? The informants are all poor, middle-aged farmers who have little education and strong rural accents.? It appears that they do not bathe very often, and they also have poor dental hygiene (many in fact are missing their teeth).? Listed below are a number of perceptual biases and rater errors and scenario examples of how Scully and Mulder might be disposed to each of them when interacting with these people or evaluating the quality of their stories.? Match each of the biases with the scenario example that best reflects that error. (There are no repeats. There are 8 examples of 8 biases.) Primacy effect Stereotyping Contrast effects?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? Recency effect Fundamental attribution error Availability bias Halo effect Horns effect For peer posts, look for people who had a different answer than you. Discuss with them why you think your answer is correct or why their response to "Why?" convinced you that their answer was correct (and consequently yours was wrong), or used different logic to come up with the same answer, etc. SCENARIOS 1. At the beginning of her first interview, Scully discovers that the informant cannot read and has very slow, drawn-out speech, which leads her to conclude that the person is probably mentally disabled. She conducts the rest of her interview based on that assumption. This is an example of which bias? Why? 2. Mulder has interviewed three people, all of whom fit the general description of the residents of this area.? The fourth person who arrives is clean and well-dressed and very articulate.? The difference is amazing and leads Mulder to put more weight on what this individual has to tell him. This is an example of which bias? Why? 3. On their way into town, Scully and Mulder nearly get into an accident with one of the local farmers. An argument ensues, and Mulder is tempted to arrest the man for obstruction of justice.? When they meet later during one of the interview sessions, Mulder can't shake his negative impression of the guy and finds himself being very harsh. This is an example of which bias? Why? 4. Following an interview that was going very well, an informant suddenly bursts into a medley of Broadway show tunes.? Mulder is stunned by how nutty this person appears to be and forgets all the apparently rational things the individual has told him. This is an example of which bias? Why? 5. One afternoon, Mulder interviewed numerous people, one of whom reminded him of the actor Billy Bob Thornton. At the end of the day, he was summarizing his interviews to Scully over dinner.? He seemed best able to remember what he was told by the guy who reminded him of Billy Bob Thornton. This is an example of which bias? Why? 6. Mulder thinks of farmers has having a strong work ethic and being very honest and forthright. Therefore, he is predisposed to believe everything that the informants tell him, even though the Sheriff has told him that one of the farmers is a known liar and a convicted criminal. This is an example of which bias? Why? 7. When they first got into town, Scully and Mulder had trouble locating the government office where they would be interviewing the farmers. One of the farmers saw them looking at a map in their car and approached them asking if they needed help.? She was able to give them the necessary directions.? Several days later when she was interviewed by them, Mulder and Scully both complimented her on her fine interview even though it really was just an average recollection of the UFO sighting. This is an example of which bias? Why? 8. On their first day of interviews, the first farmer they were going to interview was late. He apologized when he came in saying that a tractor had broken down and blocked the road from his farm to the building where he was being interviewed.? Scully and Mulder told him it was ok, but Mulder was sure he simply was late because he probably overslept. Mulders assumption would be an example of what? This is an example of which bias? Why?
Answer Below:
At the beginning of her first interview, Scully discovers that the informant cannot read and has very slow, drawn-out speech, which leads her to conclude that the person is probably mentally disabled. She conducts the rest of her interview based on that assumption. This is an example of which bias? -primacy effect Why? -The primacy effect is the propensity to remember information that is offered at the beginning of a list better than information that is presented in the middle or at the end. This situation demonstrates how Scully initially recalls or learns characteristics about informants, such as that they cannot read and are very sluggish, and then decides to conduct interviews based on those preconceptions. Mulder has interviewed three people, all of whom fit the general description of the residents of this area. The fourth person who arrives is clean and well-dressed and very articulate. The difference is amazing and leads Mulder to put more weight on what this individual has to tell him. This is an example of which bias? -Recency effect Why? This is an illustration of the recency effect, which states that people tend to accurately recall information that is most recent. Mulder spoke with three informants in this case, but as soon as the fourth one emerged, well-groomed, etc., he began to give more credence to those who had been interviewed more recently. On their way into town, Scully and Mulder nearly get into an accident with one of the local farmers. An argument ensues, and Mulder is tempted to arrest the man for obstruction of justice. When they meet later during one of the interview sessions, Mulder can't shake his negative impression of the guy and finds himself being very harsh. This is an example of which bias? -Halo effect Why? -The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which our perception of a person as a whole affects how we interpret his behavior and character. Mulder is unable to judge the local farmer fairly later on during the interview since he already has a bad impression of him as a result of the argument. Following an interview that was going very well, an informant suddenly bursts into a medley of Broadway show tunes. Mulder is stunned by how nutty this person appears to be and forgets all the apparently rational things the individual has told him. This is an example of which bias? -Horns effect Why? A cognitive bias known as the "Horn effect" occurs when one's perspective is overly influenced by one unfavorable attribute. Mulder was so negatively impacted by the informant's one flaw that he failed to remember all of the sensible information provided by the informant. One afternoon, Mulder interviewed numerous people, one of whom reminded him of the actor Billy Bob Thornton. At the end of the day, he was summarizing his interviews to Scully over dinner. He seemed best able to remember what he was told by the guy who reminded him of Billy Bob Thornton. This is an example of which bias? -Availability Bias Why? -Mulder's recall of the information given by the farmer who resembles Billy Bob Thornton indicates that, out of all the farmers he spoke with during the interviews, he was able to recall the specifics of one particular case. Mulder thinks of farmers has having a strong work ethic and being very honest and forthright. Therefore, he is predisposed to believe everything that the informants tell him, even though the Sheriff has told him that one of the farmers is a known liar and a convicted criminal. This is an example of which bias? -Stereotyping Why? -Mulder's preconceived regard for farmers—who he perceives to be straightforward and honest—clouds his assessment of the facts, leading him to accept them. When they first got into town, Scully and Mulder had trouble locating the government office where they would be interviewing the farmers. One of the farmers saw them looking at a map in their car and approached them asking if they needed help. She was able to give them the necessary directions. Several days later when she was interviewed by them, Mulder and Scully both complimented her on her fine interview even though it really was just an average recollection of the UFO sighting. This is an example of which bias? -contrast effect Why? -Scully and Mulder met the farmer to offer them assistance in finding their route, and they appreciated it and thought she did an amazing job. On their first day of interviews, the first farmer they were going to interview was late. He apologized when he came in saying that a tractor had broken down and blocked the road from his farm to the building where he was being interviewed. Scully and Mulder told him it was ok, but Mulder was sure he simply was late because he probably overslept. Mulder’s assumption would be an example of what? This is an example of which bias? -fundamental attribution error Why? -The farmer was late for the interview for some reason, but it turned out to be bad for him because Scully and Mulder used that opportunity to form a bias against him, without considering the reason behind it.More Articles From Management
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