Question.2684 - ·Task: The multiple-source essay asks you to synthesize the arguments of at least 10 sources ·Length: 2000-3000 words ·Format: APA ·Sources: a total of at least 10 sources, all of which should be from scholarly journals or credible trade journals. You should find your sources through library searches. If you cite sources from websites or popular journals, these sources should be in addition to the 10 sources you have cited from scholarly or trade journals. ·Topic: Please use the same topic that you used for writing assignments #1 and #2. It is recommended that you focus on or expand on the essay that you wrote for writing assignment #2. You will continue with the topic you have selected and will conduct additional searches in the library databases, hopefully, focusing on the topic more, and determining the 10 or more sources to use in this essay. Please note that this is a review of the literature on a topic. It is not a persuasive essay using sources to support a point. Rather it is an overview of the current research on a topic. Integration of Sources: At least eight sources must be cited in the body of the essay. You may cite sources in your introduction to help you define terms, and you may cite sources in your conclusion to help you direct the reader to further inquiry. However, the body of the essay should synthesize at least 8 sources. Strategies for Developing the Topic for this Essay Up to this point in the semester, you have completed an annotated bibliography on your chosen topic. You have also incorporated and synthesized six sources into writing assignment #2. The work you have completed for these assignments provides a solid foundation for writing assignment #3. In this assignment, you will synthesize the ideas of at least 10 sources in a synthesis essay, or literature review. For your annotated bibliography, you selected a topic based on your interests and, potentially, your major. You constructed a list of five references and summarized and critically analyzed them in 150-200 words each. You then completed the six-source essay and synthesized sources. Through this process, you may have seen patterns in the scholarly literature in the topic on which you conducted research. For example, consider the following examples: •You may have researched studies in criminal justice and found that there are varying opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among youth. •·You may have researched studies in psychology and found that counseling strategies for victims of domestic abuse tend to fall into four categories. •·You may have researched articles on gerontology and found studies that answered three basic questions on how older adults respond to training for physical performance. •·You may have researched articles on environmental management and found studies on climate change. You noticed that various demographic factors influence whether individuals believe in climate change and, if so, whether they believe it is caused by human activity. In the synthesis essay, you will focus your research efforts in a particular area, as a response to what you found while writing the annotated bibliography and in constructing the six-source essay. You will then conduct more research and synthesize your findings in this literature review. Please note that the annotated bibliography and the six-source essay represent a journey in your research. You might decide to disregard several of the articles you analyzed in the critical annotated bibliography or in the following essay because they do not speak to the specific area on which you have decided to write your multiple-source literature review. You might select one article that you analyzed in the critical annotated bibliography, look up the articles cited in that article, and “snowball” your research in that way. In other words, this process is a recursive one. You might find reasons to hone in on and narrow your topic even further after you have written the annotated bibliography. For these reasons, you are strongly encouraged to write on the same general topic on which you wrote writing assignment #2. You might focus on the topic more for writing assignment #3. Or you might expand on the topic for writing assignment #3. How to organize the multiple-source essay: You will divide the essay into categories. Each category will be labeled with a heading. For you to see this concept with a real-life example, you can access a sample synthesis or literature review from a psychology student that you can find in Week 7 Content/Resources under PSYCHSample_LitReview. The student authors her paper on the following topic: Emotional Eating: The Perpetual Cycle of MoodFood Influence. She divides her literature into the following categories, which are used as headings throughout the paper: •Influence of Mood on Eating Behavior •Gender Differences •Influence of Eating Behavior on Later Moods •Chronic Stress Response Network Notice how she synthesizes and integrates the research into distinct categories, labeled by headings. Strategies for Developing Categories When you have focused on your topic, determine how you will divide the literature. In other words, consider the following examples we described above: You may have researched studies in criminal justice and found that there are varying opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among youth. You might divide the paper as follows: Introduction Body ? ·Category 1: “A” view on responding to criminal behavior. ? ·Category 2: “B” view on responding to criminal behavior. ? ·Category 3: “C” view on responding to criminal behavior. ? ·Category 4: “D” view on responding to criminal behavior. Conclusion You may have researched studies in psychology and found that counseling strategies for victims of domestic abuse tend to fall into four categories. You might divide the paper as follows: Introduction Body ? ·Category 1: “A” counseling strategy for victims of child abuse ? ·Category 2: “B” counseling strategy for victims of child abuse ? ·Category 3: “C” counseling strategy for victims of child abuse ? ·Category 4: “D” counseling strategy for victims of child abuse Conclusion You may have researched articles on gerontology and found studies that answered three basic questions on how older adults respond to training for physical performance. You might divide the paper as follows: Introduction Body ? ·Question 1 ? ·Question 2 ? ·Question 3 Conclusion You may have researched articles on environmental management and found studies on climate change. You noticed that various demographic factors influence whether individuals believe in climate change and, if so, whether they believe it is caused by human activity. You might divide the paper as follows: Introduction Body ? ·Political affiliation and its impact on belief in climate change ? ·Socio-economic status and its impact on belief in climate change ? ·Religious and other influences on belief in climate change Conclusion Point of view For this essay, you will use a third-person point of view. Please do not use the first person point of view (e.g., “I,” “me,” “we”) in writing this essay. In addition, please do not use a second-person point of view (“you” or “your”) in writing this essay. For example, instead of “Smith argues that, as a director, you have a duty to coordinate cybersecurity efforts...” you would write, “Smith argues that directors have a duty to coordinate cybersecurity efforts...” APA Style The paper should be formatted in APA style. The link “APA 7th edition example student paper” from Week 3 will be a helpful resource. In summary, you should observe the following: ? ·Use one-inch margins. ? ·Double space. ? ·Use size 12 Times New Roman font. ? ·Include a running head. ? ·Include page numbers. ? ·Include a title page. ? ·Include a “References” page on which you list the articles in APA style ? ·Do not include an abstract. This paper is not long enough to warrant an abstract. Submitting the assignment: You will submit a first draft of the essay to the assignment folder. The first draft will not be graded. The instructor will provide comments on it. After receiving comments from the instructor, you will submit a revised draft. The final draft will be graded. Helpful Resources: ·Graff, G. and Birkenstein, C., They Say / I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. This chapter is in the Course Resources in our class. It mentions various techniques to apply when stating what an author said and your response to an author.
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Introduction The death penalty is a divisive issue worldwide. History has seen severe punishment including the death penalty in numerous forms. Since it benefits the public over convicts, it may violate the 8 th Amendment. The death penalty, or capital punishment, has been applied to the worst offenses since civilization began. However, many claim that the execution process is cruel and unusual punishment. Researchers like Salk, who have studied the death penalty’s history and current execution protocols, say death row inmates are treated inhumanely. The death sentence has always been controversial due to people’s beliefs and worries about its application, but many are still confused about it. What is the Death Penalty? The legal procedure by which a criminal who has been convicted of a crime is put to death by the state, the death penalty, also known as capital punishment in some jurisdictions. Most criminal convictions are only handed down after an accused person has been put through a trial and found guilty beyond any doubt. At a later stage in the sentencing process, either the jury or the judge will deliberate on whether to impose the death penalty on the defendant or a lesser term, such as life. Although the death sentence is designed to deter people from engaging in criminal activity in the future, the mechanism by which it is conducted is typically kept a secret. Banner (2012) states that “they inflict it in private.” The deterring effect of the punishment has been called into doubt, particularly considering contemporary viewpoints on human rights. Despite moral and practical problems, several states continue to uphold the use of the death penalty, while others have completely done away with the practice. The Death Penalty: Past and Present The death sentence has a rich history dating back to prehistoric times. Repeat offenders have been punished this way. Historically, “the death penalty was the norm even for nonviolent crimes like burglary and counterfeiting,” and few believed it was harsh. Today, many believe 3 the death sentence should only be used for the worst offenses (Banner 2012). Although executions have been happening for a long time, the “first recorded execution in what would eventually become the United States occurred in 1608.” Archibald (2015) have changed many times “Death penalty” protocols. Salk (2015) adds that “states mainly began to legalize the use of lethal injection in 1977 because it was seen as a painless and humane way to go, as compared to other forms of capital punishment”, the death sentence. Today is allowed in some countries despite widespread protest. The death penalty may look different depending on where they live. Some countries have reinstated the death penalty, while others have abolished it. Even though executions have declined, the US is one of the few Western nations with a capital punishment statute. In recent decades, the death sentence has been hotly debated due to concerns that it is neither just nor effective as a deterrent. Some argue that executing an innocent person makes the death penalty immoral and unjust. They say this is because innocent individuals could be executed. The illegal taking of another person’s life on purpose, such as in an execution, is reprehensible. As a result of these concerns, there is a growing international movement to do away with the death penalty, and many governments have chosen to replace the death penalty with life sentences without the prospect of release. Debates on the Death Penalty People disagree on the death penalty’s efficacy and appropriateness, making it difficult to discuss. Haney et al. (2022) polled California, New Hampshire, and Florida residents about the death penalty by phone. Less than 40% of respondents in each state favored the death penalty. Under 40% of respondents in each state favored the death penalty. The death penalty is losing support nationwide, as fewer respondents support it than in previous times. (Haney et al., 2022). The nation opposes the death penalty due to system problems. Haney and colleagues concluded that death penalty ignorance may be lowering support. 4 The ambivalence of people toward the death sentence supports the belief that most people think it is cruel and unusual. Wrongful convictions affect public opinion on the death penalty. Due to the high frequency of acquittals, a large segment of the populace no longer supports the system. Most individuals agree that whites support the death penalty more than Black population. Supporting criminal executions. Wu (2022) suggests that Black people’s reluctance to accept the death penalty stems from a general mistrust of the justice system. Different groups have different levels of faith in the legal system, which affects their views on the death penalty. Wu (2022) found that a person’s belief in the chance of an erroneous conviction was a reliable indicator of their death penalty support. Support for the death penalty drops when innocent people are likely to be executed. Previous study on death penalty perceptions is invaluable to future research. People and the government disagree on the death penalty. When considering the death penalty, it is important to consider legal faults and ethical issues. As society evolves and knowledge grows, the death sentence must be interrogated. Methods Used for Capital Punishment Lethal injection and other methods of execution are controversial. Salk (2015) reports that electrocution and gas chamber asphyxiation have replaced hanging and firing squads. Since the 19 th century, lethal injections have overtaken hanging as the least preferred method of execution in the US. Salk (2015) believes that decreasing pain and suffering during execution is more important than ever, even though the death penalty is unethical. Thus, lethal injection must have clear criteria and norms. Harrison and Melville (2007) question whether fatal injections are more merciful than other capital punishments. Inhumane punishment violates the Eighth Amendment, they say. Harrison and Melville (2007) stated, “It would appear that the matter is thus resolved; capital punishment, as it stands in current US death penalty statutes, is not unconstitutional and 5 cannot be classed as cruel or unusual punishment under the 8 th Amendment.” Lethal injection is still employed in many death penalty countries despite its inhumane nature. Lack of anesthesia, botched executions, and three medications causing pain and suffering are some explanations. Harrison and Melville (2007) present evidence note that death by injection has not improved executions, despite its stated goal. These methods are used to execute condemned criminals in most states that still use the death penalty, but there is some variation because different jurisdictions use different deadly medications and procedures. Conclusion The death penalty has always been a divisive issue worldwide. Since civilization began, it has been used to punish serious criminals, although it has been criticized for being barbaric and cruel. Death sentences are meant to discourage future crime, but their execution is usually kept a secret. Despite moral and practical issues, some states still use the death sentence, while others have abolished it. The ambivalence that people feel regarding the death penalty lends credence to the idea that the vast majority of people consider it to be cruel and unusual punishment. The support for the death penalty is far higher than that of the Black population, which is one factor that leads to the racial divide among those who are in favor of the death sentence. As a result of structural flaws, there has been a recent trend toward less approval for the death sentence. These challenges include wrongful convictions, the spread of misleading information, and distrust in the criminal justice system. Nowadays, questions regarding the usefulness and acceptability of the death sentence continue to be discussed. As they move on with this conversation, it is imperative that they keep in mind the gravity of taking the life of another human being, the risk of taking the life of an innocent person, and the requirement for alternative punishments that respect human rights. 6 References Archibald, S. N. (2015). Capital Punishment in the U.S. States: Executing Social Inequality. LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. https://search- ebscohostcom.ezproxy.umgc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=942235&site=edsli ve&scope=site. Banner, Stuart. (2002). The Death Penalty : An American History. Harvard University Press. https://eds-s- ebscohostcom.ezproxy.umgc.edu/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzI4MjAxOF9fQU41? sid=14ce0e2e-be4f-4e9e-92cf-21b83f57643c@redis&vid=1&format=EB&rid=3 Haney, C., Zurbriggen, E. L., & Weill, J. M. (2022). The continuing unfairness of death qualification: Changing death penalty attitudes and capital jury selection. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 28(1), 1–31. https://doiorg.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1037/law0000335 Harrison, K., & Melville, C. (2007). The Death Penalty by Lethal Injection and Hill v McDonough: Is the USA Starting to See Sense? Journal of Criminal Law, 71(2), 167–180. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1350/jcla.2007.71.2.167 Salk, R. (2015). Lethal Injection in Uncharted Territory: The Need to Ensure the Humanity of Current Death Penalty Practices. Criminal Justice Ethics, 34(3), 284–311. https://doiorg.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1080/0731129X.2015.1106794 Wu, S. (2022). The Effect of Wrongful Conviction Rate on Death Penalty Support and How It Closes the Racial Gap. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 47(5), 1006–1024. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1007/s12103-021-09637-6More Articles From Management
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