Question.2368 - Write a report on (1) Stanford University and (2) on Stanley Milgram experiment
Answer Below:
Among many universities around the world that have been making a difference on various aspects, Stanford University is one of them. From admission approach to innovation and opportunities, the university never fails to take one of the top positions. In this report, the university is reviewed further in terms of experience, achievements, facilities, and social initiatives. Background Stanford University is located in Stanford, California, and was founded in 1885 by railroad tycoon Leland Stanford and his wife Jane. The university's 8,180-acre campus is located in Silicon Valley and it is about 30 miles south of San Francisco. Stanford is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the world and has produced some of the most influential figures in business, science, politics and the arts. Stanford is organized into seven schools that include the Graduate School of Business, School of Engineering, School of Humanities and Sciences, Law School, Medical School, School of Education and the Stanford Institute for Innovation in Developing Economies (SEED) (Stanford University, 2022d). The university offers a broad range of undergraduate, graduate and professional degrees. Stanford's faculty includes Nobel laureates and members of the National Academies as well as renowned researchers who are experts in their fields. The university boasts more than 600 student organizations, 800 clubs, 45 fraternities and sororities and 64 varsity sports teams. Students can also take advantage of Stanford's more than 250 research centers, institutes and programs. Stanford is committed to providing a supportive learning environment that encourages creativity and collaboration (Stanford University, 2022b). The university has strong ties with Silicon Valley’s business and technology communities, making it an ideal place for students to make connections that can help them in their future careers. Experience at Stanford University STANFORD UNIVERSITY 3 As one of the world's leading research institutions, Stanford University is a place where students can really get their hands dirty. From world-renowned professors to state-of-the-art facilities, Stanford offers its students everything they need to pursue their passions. Whether it's in the classroom or the laboratory, students are constantly pushing boundaries and expanding their horizons (Stanford University, 2022a). And with a campus that spans more than 8,000 acres, there's always something new to explore. For students who want to make a difference in the world, Stanford is the perfect place to turn their dreams into reality. Further, the university believes that innovation remains in the DNA and every stakeholder of Stanford University is well-determined to excel on all areas. Also, the culture of collaboration acts as an eye opener to connect with industry leaders and reduce cultural or racial differences (Stanford University, 2022d). Research facilities at Stanford University Stanford University is home to some of the world's leading research facilities. The university's highly respected faculty are engaged in a wide range of cutting-edge research projects, and the facilities they have at their disposal are second to none (Stanford University, 2022d). One of the most popular research facilities at Stanford is the Low Cyber Risk Observatory, which is dedicated to Identifying, analyzing, and mitigating cyber risks. The facility is equipped with state-of-the-art tools and resources, and it regularly hosts events and workshops on cybersecurity. Other notable research facilities at Stanford include the Center for International Security and Cooperation, the Woods Institute for the Environment, and the Hoover Institution. Together, these facilities make Stanford one of the most important destinations for researchers from around the world. Stanford University is home to some of the world's leading research facilities. The School of Medicine is one of the key receivers of several funding grants as organized by the National STANFORD UNIVERSITY 4 Institutes of Health, and the university's hospitals are consistently ranked at the top in the list of best universities in the country. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is one of the world's premier particle physics laboratories, and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource is one of the most powerful X-ray sources in existence. In addition, Stanford is home to several interdisciplinary research centers, such as the Hoover Institution and the Woods Institute for the Environment (Stanford University, 2022b). These and other facilities make Stanford an ideal place for students who want to pursue careers in research. Social initiatives of Stanford University Stanford University is well-known for its academic excellence, but it is also committed to making a positive impact on the world around it. Through its social initiatives, Stanford seeks to create positive change in communities both local and global. One example is the Stanford sharing initiative, which connects Stanford students and staff with community organizations to provide pro bono consulting services (Stanford University, 2022c). This program provides valuable help to organizations working to improve education, healthcare, and other areas of need. In addition, Stanford runs a number of programs aimed at reducing its environmental impact. These include a water conservation program, a solar energy initiative, and a sustainable food program. By working to improve the world around it, Stanford is living up to its motto of "The wind of freedom blows." Another initiative that stays at top is affordability of courses. The university believes that education needs to be affordable and financial situation of a family should not intervene in the career growth of students. Those families with income levels below $150,000 are allowed to let their students study at no tuition fee. Likewise, those families with income levels below $75,000 are allowed to let their students study at no room and board or tuition charges (Stanford University, 2022c). STANFORD UNIVERSITY 5 Subsequently, the university also has a social innovation department that is meant to maximize opportunities for underprivileged with innovative projects. There is also a dedicated social entrepreneurship hub at Stanford University allowing students to innovate and create positive impacts to targeted people. Conclusion It is no doubt that Stanford University has an excellent infrastructure that can open the doors for millions of learners in the future with hands-on research opportunities and dedicated support. Based on experience and initiatives listed in this report, it is also evident that the university is constantly expanding for covering larger areas of research and to benefit huge volumes of masses with better outcomes from learners. STANFORD UNIVERSITY 6 References Stanford University (2022a). Experience. Retrieved from https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience Stanford University (2022b). Social innovation. Retrieved from https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/organizations/leverage-gsb/social-innovation-nonprofit- management-resources Stanford University (2022c). Afford. Retrieved from https://admission.stanford.edu/afford/ Stanford University (2022d). Report. Retrieved from https://news.stanford.edu/report/ STANLEY MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 2 Among various experiments that became popular in social psychology several decades ago, Stanley Milgram experiment is one of them. This report explains the experiment on several areas like setup, results, interpretations, and other ethical issues. Background The Stanley Milgram experiment is based on the obedience of a person to authority. Psychologist Stanley Milgram kickstarted this social psychology experiment and continued to a series. The experiments began in July 1961, nearly a year after the start of the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem (PsychED, 2019). Milgram devised his experimental setup to test whether people would abide by instructions of the authority future with their personal conscience. The experiment became famous for its controversial results, which suggested that people were willing to inflict pain on others if they were ordered to do so by an authority figure. The experiment has been repeated many times, with similar results. The general conclusion drawn from the Milgram experiment is that people are more likely to obey orders from an authority figure, even if those orders conflict with their personal conscience (PsychED, 2019). The findings of the Milgram experiment have important implications for our understanding of obedience and authority. Procedure The Stanley Milgram experiment was designed to test the degree to which participatns/people can reach in obeying an authority figure when asked to perform an objectionable act. The experiment took place at Yale University in 1961, and it involved a group of volunteer participants. About 40 males took part in this experiment and each of them belonged to a wide range of professions (PsychED, 2019). Although they volunteered for the experiment, they were still compensated with $4.50 per head. STANLEY MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 3 The participants were told that they are a part of the experiment on learning, and they were assigned the role of teacher. The teacher was then given a list of word pairs and instructed to shock the learner whenever they got a answer wrong. In reality, there was no learner, and the person who was supposedly being shocked was an actor who was in on the experiment. The setup for this experiment included two rooms meant for teacher and learner separately. The experimenter was equipped with an electric shock generator and owned the control to pass shock to learner who had to sit on an electric chair (PsychED, 2019). The actor would scream and bang on the wall whenever he received a shock, but the teachers were not aware that the shocks were fake. Mr. Williams (the experimenter) used four prods to check the degree to which participants were obeying instructions. As the experiment progressed, the teachers became increasingly distressed, but most of them continued to follow the instructions of the authority figure (PsychED, 2019). The teacher continued to make notes of level of shock (15 volts to 450 volts) and corresponding responses from learners. Results The results of the experiment were shocking: two-thirds of the participants were willing to administer life-threatening electrical shocks to another person, simply because they had been instructed to do so by an authority figure. The findings of the Milgram experiment have been widely interpreted, but one thing is clear: they highlight the dangers of blindly following orders. The experiment also serves as a warning against giving too much trust to authority figures. Here are other key findings (McLeod, 2017): ? All males underwent a shock of 300 volts and around 65% of the participants had to withstand about 450 volts. STANLEY MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 4 ? Participants felt that they were highly influenced by orders and they had to blindly go ahead with them. These are connected to several dangers associated with obedience. Controversies The Stanley Milgram experiment has topped the list of most controversial studies in psychology. In this famous experiment, Milgram asked participants to shock an innocent victim whenever they made a mistake. Though the victims were not actually harmed, the participants didn't know that. The experiment showed that people are capable of causing great harm if they believe they are following orders from an authority figure. The study has been replicated many times, but some psychologists have criticized it for being unethical (McLeod, 2017). They argue that the study doesn't necessarily reflect real-world situations and that it can be harmful to both the participants and the wider society. Nevertheless, the Milgram experiment remains one of the most important studies in psychology. Ethical issues The experiment explored people's willingness to obey authority figures, even when doing so resulted in harm to others. While the experiment yielded valuable insights into human behavior, it also raised serious ethical concerns (McLeod, 2017). In particular, the study participants were not given accurate information about the nature of the experiment, and they were not told that they could withdraw at any time. As a result, many people felt that they had been deceived and deliberately harmed. Over the years since the experiment happened, psychologists have continued to debate its ethical implications. Some argue that the study was unethical and should never have been conducted. Others argue that its value outweighs its ethical concerns (Greenwood, 2018). STANLEY MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 5 Either way, it is clear that the Stanley Milgram experiment has left a lasting mark on psychology and our understanding of human behavior. Interpretation & Variations Stanley Milgram experiment was interpreted in several ways and these were also influenced by controversies. For instance, Milgram established agentic state theory and conformism theory. There were several factors affecting the experiment: ? Location change - This also affected the degree of obedience. ? Proximity influencing touch - Some learners were forced by the teacher and this lowered the obedience. ? Influence of experimenter - When the experimenter was within the vicinity, the obedience was high. However, this dropped when instructions were merely passed to the teacher. Conclusion The Stanley Milgram experiment is undoubtedly one of the experiments that posed several controversies and also lowered degrees of ethical compliance by experimenter. It is evident from the report that the experiment can have variations and develop new results but attitudes are more likely to change in the present date for this original experiment. STANLEY MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 6 References Greenwood, J. (2018). How would people behave in Milgram’s experiment today? Retrieved from https://behavioralscientist.org/how-would-people-behave-in-milgrams- experiment-today/ McLeod, S. (2017). Milgram shock experiment. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html PsychED (2019). Milgram’s obedience experiment. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBDkJ-Nc3IgMore Articles From Research
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