Question.2677 - Throughout your Field Experience, take notes on the questions listed below. Complete this form by clicking within the Click or tap here to enter text. section located below each question. Save the file as your_name_Form 2B. Upload this completed file to your instructor using the assignment link posted in your course. 1. Identify the environment in which the student with intellectual disabilities is being observed in relationship to the Continuum of Services and describe how the student interacts with peers and teacher(s) within this environment. Click here to enter text. 2. Describe the modifications or accommodations being made for the selected K-12 student. Click here to enter text. 3. Describe how the classroom teacher collaborates with other professionals in order to guide the planning and implementation of instruction for this student. Click here to enter text. 4. Which of the three, or combination of the three curriculum domains, do you observe being implemented? Provide examples of the curriculum domains you observe. (Functional Academics, Life Skills, Self Determination) Click here to enter text. 5. Describe the assistive technology you observed being used to assist in students’ learning. *If no assistive technology was used, identify assistive technology that would benefit the student(s). Click here to enter text. 6. Describe specific information that either changed or enhanced your thinking about teaching students with intellectual disabilities.
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Reexamining African Diaspora Narratives: Unveiling Histories, Memories, and Identities 1. Background In this section of the research, a brief statement about the research focus will be presented explaining the purpose and its importance. I will express my relationship with the varied aspects of the research. I will also try to anticipate the expected findings of the research. In my research project, relating to the topic “Reexamining African Diaspora Narratives: Unveiling Histories, Memories, and Identities”, I want to explore the African diaspora literature and works by contemporary writers about the related histories, memories, and identities. These works and literature involves ““Who Set You Flowin'?": The African-American Migration Narrative” by Griffin (1995), “Race, memory, and master narratives: A critical essay on US curriculum history” by Brown and Au (2014), and “Beyond heritage tourism: Race and the politics of African-diasporic interactions” by Pierre (2009). It also involves “Theorizing identity in transnational and diaspora cultures: A critical approach to acculturation” by Bhatia and Ram (2009), "Afro-Cuban diasporas in the Atlantic world" by Otero (2010), and "'Teaching while Black': Narratives of African American student affairs faculty" by Patton and Catching (2009) among others. However, among all these works, “Ghosts of the African diaspora: Re-visioning History, memory, and Identity” by Chassot (2018) majorly supports in development of the central argument of my work from the perspective of ghosts as mentioned by the author. It allows an understanding of the cultural, theoretical, and political dimensions of the African diaspora narratives, which leads to assessing the issues of identity, memory, and history. It supports in better understanding of such community people and their lives. In this research, I will focus on a range of interdisciplinary approaches, such as memory and trauma studies, postcolonial studies, and queer theory, which will allow me in attaining a comprehensive understanding and assessment of the topic. I will try to find the trauma involved in the narratives of the African Diaspora so that their struggles and issues can be recalled. I will try to find whether the narratives in the postcolonial period have changed from the past as well as emphasize any aspect that witnessed less attention in the existing literature. Moreover, I will explore whether and how Western civilization has influenced the narratives of the African Diaspora in any way as well as caused constructing counter-narratives based on the experiences and perspectives of African Diaspora. Based on “Ghosts of the African Diaspora: re-visioning history, memory, and identity" by Chassot (2018), I will explore in this research how the concept of ghosts in this literature played a decisive role in shaping cultural memory. I will try to develop connections between the literary works of varied African Diaspora and different cultural products such as painting. In my research, I will face the challenge of ensuring complete focus and specificity of the topic in varied chapters so that it does not deviate from the histories, memories, and identities of the African Diaspora narratives. This has been done so that the desired outcome of the research is attained. However, it has been challenging because of the evolving nature of the concept and the narratives provided by different authors and writers over the years might have significantly 3 changed. The critical assessment of the different arguments and counterarguments of the varied authors and writers might also create a challenge in ensuring total focus and specificity. Besides, I will focus on integrating various cultural contexts into the analysis so that a better understanding can be attained. The expected findings in this research are that it will show how the ghost can be shown as a metaphorical and hermeneutical tool, which supports the reexamination of the African Diaspora narrative. “Ghosts of the African Diaspora: Re-visioning History, memory, and Identity" by Chassot (2018) will largely support in use of the nuance of ghosts as a tool for reconstructing identities, challenging normative histories, and questioning established perceptions of the people as well as other African Diaspora writers across the world. The outcome of the research is expected to show the complexity and richness of African Diaspora literature, thus will largely motivate many young readers and scholars to explore further on the subject matter. Thus, the section can be concluded by summarizing the key aspects that the topic of the research “Reexamining African Diaspora Narratives: Unveiling Histories, Memories, and Identities” with the consideration of “Ghosts of the African Diaspora: re-visioning history, memory, and identity” by Chassot (2018) and other related sources. The research is significant because it will provide a better understanding of African Diaspora literature and the lives of such communities. 2. Importance of the Research This section of the research project explains in detail why it is important for the discipline or field of study relating to African Diaspora narratives, which would largely contribute to the existing literature. It also illustrates why it is important for the people involved and what social problem this research could help to solve. It identifies and illustrates the lack of knowledge in this particular field of study so that this project could help to remedy it as well as attempt to anticipate the expected findings. This research project is extremely important to both the academic discipline and the people involved, principally the ones relating to African diaspora communities. It has major contribution to the academic discipline by identifying gaps in the existing literature and correspondingly putting efforts to address the same. It will support bringing a unique and innovative perspective to the discussion relating to the topic and field of study. Another contribution to the academic discipline is that it will utilize memory and trauma studies, postcolonial studies, and queer theory among different interdisciplinary approaches, which will support the detailed understanding of varied aspects and experiences of the African Diaspora from the past to the present-day context. It will support the detailed analysis of the complexities of identity, memory, and history relating to African Diaspora communities, which will enhance the insights of present-day people and the future as well. The research project is important for the people involved, as it largely supports understanding the lives of people in the African Diaspora community. They are understood from the cultural, theoretical, and political dimensions, which influences people across the world from 4 different communities to show appreciation and empathy for the injustice and hardship they faced in the past. It supports establishing a bond between the African Diaspora community and others living across the world. Thus, it is important to recall the struggles and challenges the people of the African Diaspora community faced in the past. This acknowledgement of the historical injustices they experience ensures that the people of the present generation as well as the future do not forget these stories. It is to ensure that such situations of injustices are not repeated to them as well as even others. This would largely support creating a better world for them. Besides, it will benefit the African Diaspora community people, as they will be encouraged to make their narratives regarding the struggles and various aspects of lives they have faced over the years in the past. It would benefit them, as they would get true identity in front of people across the world by asserting their narratives. The anticipated social impact of the research project is that it will motivate young readers and scholars to read the context as well as thereby attain related insights. This will motivate them to conduct further research on the topic and explore some other critical insights that are yet not being sufficiently discussed. Moreover, another anticipated social impact of the research project is the cultural enrichment of the African Diaspora community. The literature will also focus on the complexity of the culture in such a community, which will enable the people in the present generation as well as in the future generation to get a more profound cultural understanding of them. The positive social impact is that it will promote a more inclusive and interconnected global society, which will reduce stereotypes towards them. It will support cross-cultural appreciation. This research will largely help to solve varied social problems, which involve counteracting historical injustice that the African Diaspora community faced over the years. They have been discriminated and their narratives have often been overlooked or misrepresented by people across the world for centuries. Nevertheless, this research will ensure that the injustices are recognized. The research will provide a platform so that authentic representations of the struggles and traumas of the African Diaspora community are made. Moreover, the research will challenge normative historical narratives, i.e. it counters the already established perceptions towards the African Diaspora community. Thus, it will allow an understanding of the African Diaspora community beyond or without the perception of the Western nations or the Caucasian community. Additionally, it will support empowering the community to raise their voice in their interest. The African Diaspora community will attain confidence in demonstrating their culture and identity, which will enable them to contribute to global culture and history. Furthermore, it has been found that the people of the contemporary generation have less knowledge about the hardships of the African Diaspora community. Thus, this research paper is extremely important to enhance such knowledge of the people. Besides, it addresses the social problem of integrating different cultural contexts so that people across the world get to know about the African Diaspora community, which in turn will reduce the stereotype towards them. It will benefit the global society in becoming more interconnected. 5 This research will help to remedy various aspects of lack of knowledge such as the underrepresentation of the African Diaspora narratives, which do not focus beyond the migration or political interactions. There might be a lack of knowledge in interdisciplinary approaches and the project will be effective in sufficing such gaps. It will benefit in attaining a holistic understanding of the topic and the research field. It can also be evaluated that the African Diaspora narratives might incorporate trauma issues because of the severe injustices such community people have been facing over the years and these are required to be emphasized in this particular research. There has been a lack of sufficient knowledge regarding how the African Diaspora narratives have evolved during the postcolonial period, which needs to be explored in detail in this research. Moreover, it is believed that Western civilization has influenced African narratives, creating a gap in the literature of insufficient narratives by the African Diaspora of their own. There has been a lack of knowledge about how the narratives have evolved over the years; hence, it is an opportunity to address it in this research. The expected findings in this research are that it will explore the underrepresented narratives of the African Diaspora community. It will show the trauma that the community had been facing in the past, especially during the colonial period and the way it has influenced the lives of people in the present-day context. The expected findings are that the narratives have changed over the years with less influence from the Western nations. There has been cultural exchange with the African Diaspora community as highlighted in the narratives, which enables people of different cultures to understand about them. 3. Review of Literature In this section of the research, a review of the existing literature is performed concerning the topic “Reexamining African Diaspora Narratives: Unveiling Histories, Memories, and Identities”. Herein, some of the most relevant sources are used to explore the topic. Chassot (2018) introduced his writing with the sentence "My first encounter with a ghost was—like that of many readers of African diaspora literature—with the spiteful baby spirit at 124 Bluestone Road, on the outskirts of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the 1870s. That ghost haunted me for years.” (p. 1). This suggests that African Diaspora Narratives largely relate with the concept of ghosts and this influences such authors to write in this field. Chassot (2018) also mentioned "It is that third apparition that led me to wonder about this strikingly recurring presence of ghosts in novels that were all written in the 1980s by women of the African diaspora. It is also that third ghost that made me ask myself if I was not perhaps starting to "see things." As horror film viewers as impressionable as myself have often experienced when we have just witnessed a haunting we are likely to identify every shadow, every ripple in the air as the sign of a ghostly presence” (pp. 1-2). This suggests that in the African Diaspora narratives by women significantly involves the concept of ghosts in their novel to express their stories. This has been so that fear, trauma, and struggles that such African Diaspora community people were facing can be expressed attractively. The ghosts in many of the stories and novels are used as metaphors to represent the people of the affluent community, who used to treat the African Diaspora in an ill manner. However, Griffin (1995) stated that African Diaspora narratives have not always 6 presented the concept of ghosts in an antagonist manner but rather as positive characters that saved their lives and helped them to be free from slavery. Brown and Au (2014) in this context mentioned that “by analyzing the trajectories and ‘‘routes’’ of slavery that violently inserted a modern African diaspora in the West, Gilroy argues that the concept of diaspora gives us new ways of thinking about identity. Such identities are not, according to him, anchored in the notion of a space, place or nationality” (p. 142). This suggests that slavery has been one of the common topics of discussion used by the African Diaspora, which has been because of the severe history of such situations their previous generations have faced. The narratives of the modern African Diaspora also give them an identity as well as allow them to express their culture. Moreover, Otero (2010) stated that the narratives of the modern African Diaspora have not been mostly superficial, rather they have been a real phenomenon, expressing the hardships and challenges they have been in the past while being slaves. However, Otero (2010) also asked that the narratives of the modern African Diaspora must incorporate multiple perspectives and should not be only focused on the issue of slavery and the injustices they had faced in the past. Brown and Au (2014) found that “Studies that consider historical questions across multiple contexts and social positionalities, such as the curricular histories of African and Asian and diasporic African and Asian feminist communities are also needed. We think that in keeping with the recent movement toward internationalization, historical studies should explore curricular projects that consider how curricular ideas and movements traversed continental spaces. Some historians have already explored the ways African and African diasporic communities in the United States employed a shared political discourse to deconstruct Black oppression” (p. 380). This suggests that the narratives of the African Diaspora have presented multiple historical contexts and are not limited to a few as claimed by Otero (2010). The narratives have focused on the historical contexts so that the present movements can connect and are encouraged by the past struggles of the African Diaspora community. Specifically, the Black oppression and discrimination in the present-day context can be related to the African Diaspora narratives about the struggles and ill-treatments in the past. Pierre (2009) also mentioned that the narratives of the African Diaspora regarding their history of oppression have been highly influential to readers across the world, who are encouraged to know more about these. Patton and Catching (2009) asserted that "scholars situate race, racism, and power in historical and transdisciplinary contexts to promote social justice strategies that dismantle systems of oppression while simultaneously empowering oppressed groups” (p. 715). This suggests that the historical narratives of the African Diaspora have been to not only make people aware of the struggles and oppressions people faced in the past but also to ensure that such a situation does not arise in the present-day context. Patton and Catching (2009) also mentioned that "the validation of the experiential knowledge of people of color is a major tenet of CRT and most applicable to this study. This ‘voice-of-color thesis’ presumes that due to their diverse histories and racially oppressive experiences, people of color possess knowledge that allows them to discuss race and racism with White people who are less likely to have those experiences” (p. 715). This implies that the narratives of the African Diaspora are more likely to discuss 7 oppression because they are the ones who have experienced such situations. The narratives have been so that they get a genuine identity in this world. Chassot (2018) stated that “Although the editors readily acknowledge the linguistic, social, cultural, and historical diversity that composes the Caribbean literary landscape that their anthology can but attempt to map out, their comment presupposes the notion, already suggested in the title of the anthology, that there is such a thing as a true Caribbean woman’s identity, an identity that not everyone can have a claim to. If they do not directly and explicitly define this identity, throughout their introduction they provide various elements that draw an image of it in both negative and positive and throw into relief the intersection of race and sexuality, among other categories, in their construction of Caribbean identity” (p. 158). The narratives of the African Diaspora suggest that they have developed a new identity over time and are not being recognized as African but rather being Caribbean. The authors identify themselves as Caribbean. Besides, it is also important to mention that the authors of African Diaspora are trying to create a positive image of them through these narratives. Brown and Au (2014) also asserted in this context that “The authors find that, despite curriculum studies’ more recent attention to issues of power and identity associated with race, culture, gender, and sexuality, the voices and curricular histories of communities of color in the United States are largely left out of the selective tradition associated with the narrative of the field’s foundations” (p. 358). This suggests that there has been a growing focus on recognizing own identity and this is notable in the African Diaspora. The textbooks also seem to focus more on the topic of Black African people, which is not only that people of other communities get to know about them, but they can develop actual identities. 4. Methodology In this project relating to the topic “Reexamining African Diaspora Narratives: Unveiling Histories, Memories, and Identities", the appropriate methodology is required to be selected so that the desired outcome is attained. In this regard, there are three types of methods used in research, which involve working with archives, the use of quantitative data, and the use of qualitative data. This section of the project specifies and justifies the particular methodology to be followed in the research. In this research, quantitative data will not be used. I will not use the quantitative data that were already gathered by other researchers nor going to gather some quantitative data myself. The reason behind the avoidance of quantitative data is that the subject matter of the study is not quantitative in nature, i.e. reassessing the narratives of the African Diaspora that will explore the relevant histories, memories, and identities. The histories, memories, and identities of such communities cannot be measured through quantitative data. The desired outcome of the study cannot be attained through statistical measures or tools. The major approach based on which relevant data for the research project will be collected is the use of archives. This approach is most suitable because the research involves assessing African Diaspora narratives; thus, the existing literature would be directly assessed. It will assess how the existing literature has assessed the histories, memories, and identities of the African Diaspora community. In this research, the primary text that will be used is “Ghosts of the 8 African diaspora: re-visioning history, memory, and identity” by Chassot (2018), which significantly relates to the topic of the study. The other relevant texts that will be used in the research are previously mentioned, which involve ""Who Set You Flowin'?": The African- American Migration Narrative" by Griffin (1995), "Race, memory, and master narratives: A critical essay on US curriculum history" by Brown and Au (2014), and "Beyond heritage tourism: Race and the politics of African-diasporic interactions" by Pierre (2009). It also incorporates "Theorizing identity in transnational and diaspora cultures: A critical approach to acculturation" by Bhatia and Ram (2009), "Afro-Cuban diasporas in the Atlantic World" by Otero (2010), and "'Teaching while Black': Narratives of African American student affairs faculty" by Patton and Catching (2009) among others. Other sources will also be used as per the requirements, which involve relevant books, scholarly journal articles, and online articles among others. These sources will be used because they are reliable and written by reputed authors and scholars. The sources to be used are not limited to a specific period, i.e. not limited to being published for a short time, which has been so that different narratives regarding African Diaspora can be obtained and analyze how these evolved over the years. It would also support the attainment of comprehensive information regarding the topic. The information attained from the archives or secondary sources will be assessed on a textual basis in alignment with the research purpose so that the desired outcome is attained. The consideration of this approach is justifiable, as it would largely support enhancing the knowledge and understanding of the role of a researcher. It would also benefit in the research with the attainment of a wide range of information, which in turn will allow in the conduct of a comprehensive study. Besides, in this research, qualitative data will be incorporated, i.e. the research will consider interviewing different scholars and authors associated with the African Diaspora. This has been one of the major challenges of the research but has to be considered so that the eventual outcome of the study is excellent. Elaborately, the purpose of the study has been to reexamine the narratives of the African Diaspora, thus, the first-hand or primary data from them is important to be considered. The research will try to interview five scholars or authors belonging to the African Diaspora, who have at least published at least one article or book on the African community. The interview will be semi-structured with open-ended questions so that the participants can freely respond to the questions. It will enable attaining all the required information not attained from the secondary sources such as relating to histories, memories, and identities as well as politics, trauma, and struggles. It will allow attaining information about the evolution of narratives of African Diaspora over the years. Specifically, it will allow attaining information relating to the recent day context. Thus, it can be said that the use interview approach will allow for mitigating the identified gaps in the research. Moreover, the interview will be face-to-face or through video calls as per the convenience of the participants. The interview will be for 15 to 45 minutes so that the participants have sufficient time to respond to the questions. The information attained from the participants will be evaluated on a textual basis in alignment with the purpose or objective of the research. The interview responses will be cross- validated with the information from the secondary sources so that the eventual outcome is highly reliable. It will also allow critical assessment of the information so that a diverse perspective 9 regarding the narratives of the African Diaspora can be attained. Besides, it is important to mention that in the data collection through the interview process, the participants will be informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent from them will be taken before the start of the interview. The participants will also be informed that they will remain anonymous throughout the research process. They will also be informed that they will not be forced to provide any insensitive information. Thus, it can be concluded that the research must incorporate the use of archives for the data collection by using sources such as "Ghosts of the African diaspora: re-visioning history, memory, and identity” by Chassot (2018). Primary data must be collected by interviewing different scholars and authors involved in the African Diaspora. The data collected must be analyzed on a textual basis, i.e. through content analysis. 10 References Bhatia, S., & Ram, A. (2009). Theorizing identity in transnational and diaspora cultures: A critical approach to acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(2), 140-149. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.12.009 Brown, A. L., & Au, W. (2014). Race, memory, and master narratives: A critical essay on US curriculum history. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(3), 358-389. doi: 10.1111/curi.12049 Griffin, F. J. (1995). " Who Set You Flowin'?": The African-American Migration Narrative. Oxford University Press. Otero, S. (2010). Afro-Cuban diasporas in the Atlantic world. University Rochester Press. Patton, L. D., & Catching, C. (2009). ‘Teaching while Black’: Narratives of African American student affairs faculty. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(6), 713-728. DOI: 10.1080/09518390903333897 Chassot, J. (2018). Ghosts of the African diaspora: re-visioning history, memory, and identity. Dartmouth College Press. Pierre, J. (2009). Beyond heritage tourism: Race and the politics of African-diasporic interactions. Social Text, 27(1), 59-81. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2008-017More Articles From Research
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