Question.2223 - Review of Criminological Theory In Classes 4 and 5 we will be reviewing criminological theory. I have attached two background readings to help refresh your memory of the key concepts of theory and three further readings and a video clip that explore important theoretical themes/ debates. To Do: Read: Background – Jock Young ‘Theoretical Criminology’ Developing a Sociological Criminology Feminist Theory Concepts – It is important that you read/ watch these: Article on Jack Katz’s Seductions of Crime Kimberle Crenshaw’s article Summary of “Othering” Clip on Construction of Masculinity at: http://critcrim.org/video-feminist-criminology.htm Go to the Discussion Forum: Answer the Questions by 7/23. MAKE SURE YOU RESPOND TO AT LEAST TWO YOUR CLASSMATES’ POSTINGS. 1.Outline the main principles of ONE of the following: a) classicism b) positivism c) strain theory d) subcultural theory e) labeling theory and f) feminist theory 2. Discuss the importance of the work of WEB DuBois. 3. Jack Katz in the Seductions of Crime describes the excitement/ seduction of the criminal act. Why do you think some people find participating in crime/ violence exciting? 4. Kimberle Crenshaw argues that representational intersectionality is revealed in the stereotypical images of women of color in popular culture. An example of this is Tales from the Darkside: The Movie where the ‘Black woman ... is an animal, or worse yet, a monster. The Asian- American woman is passive’; this leads to the ‘othering’ of women of color and provides a further illustration of how power is exercised over them. As Crenshaw puts it, they ‘function to create counternarratives to the experiences of women of color that discredit our claims and render the violence that we experience unimportant’. They not only serve to devalue the experiences of women of color but also ‘reproduce it by providing viewers with both conscious and unconscious cues for interpreting the experiences of “others”. See also the short summary on “othering”. Write about other examples of how people are “othered” and describe the impact that this has. 2 5. Women have much lower crime rates than men, especially when it comes to violent crime. Why do you think this is? Discuss how masculinity is constructed and the role this plays in helping us to understand criminality.
Answer Below:
Answer 1 The main principles of CLASSICISM are- -It is closely related to the disclosure of the free market and the origination of agrarian capitalism. -It is the source of many conceptions and ideas that were later to be complicated within constitutional doctrine and liberal political theory. -It is associated with restraint and harmony and obedience to authorized standards of craftsmanship and form. -Classicism is a major influence on controversies in criminology and institutions of social control. -Human nature is imagined as a free, rational and self-interest government under Classicism. -Classicism is concerned with social contract preservation through the resolute tracing of individual justice. -Classicism also potentially defends the assumption of innocence. Answer 2 WEB DuBois gives a thesis on the African slave trade to U. S and the implementation of slave trade laws. Also, he was among the early American African scholars writing on crime. His work has been seen as a rallying cry that required attention to minority Perspectives for experiencing struggles against oppression that may contribute to the discipline. In 1903, he also wrote about the problem of colour lines in the twentieth century which is a social problem in the civilized world in the 20th century. DuBois inspired a generation of black sociologists, who had embraced sociology as an academic discipline as a weapon of liberation. WEB DuBois also co-founded the Niagara movement in 1905 to campaign for political and social change. Answer 3 Some people like participating in violence or crime because they think that they will learn new things from this. Especially in males, having less kindness and more aggressiveness makes them more excited to get involved in violence or crime. Also, there are some character traits associated with interest in violence. People with extroverted personalities also seem to be excited about thrillers or violent experiences. Also, participating in crimes fulfils a person's desire to know why crimes or violence happen and the requirement to make sense of them. Answer 4 Othering can also appear as a method to defend the past destruction of others. For instance, if you have contemplated someone else inadequately, you might feel guilty and ashamed about your behaviour. To harmonize your conviction that you are a great person despite your defeatist actions toward another person, you might seize in othering to humiliate the individual. It is a method of dispersing yourself from others and decreasing your kindness to others. As a result, you are not so likely to feel unfortunate about your behaviour. Taking the negative aspects, bothering others can result in discrimination and prejudice against people who are outsiders. It impacts society, social groups, and also the individual. While taking the positive aspects, othering in a specific group strengthens the bonds among each other. Answer 5 Women have much lower crime rates than men due to gender roles and stereotypes. Women are mostly found to be sensitive, delicate, emotional and warm. The motherhood and graciousness in females develop a feeling of sexual victim for them and they think about all the aspects before taking any action whereas males are found to be aggressive and do not think much before committing any crime or violence. Also, taking biological aspects between males and females, males are found to have high levels of testosterone hormone which makes them more aggressive whereas the level of testosterone in females is less and hence, they are found to be less involved in violence. Masculinity is constructed in various ways depending on the specific context like school, workplace or family. It is constructed based on gender binaries and norms. Masculinity is always constructed concerning women. The social construction of masculinity is due to violence. The criminological theory supports the conviction that masculinity is essential to criminality. Feminist research shows that males will engage in violence or crimes if they cannot do their gender through justifiable means.More Articles From CRIMINAL LAW MANAGEMENT
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