Question.1604 - Assignment Two: Final Paper - Waves of Immigration Hide Assignment Informati on Turnitin™ This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™. Instructions SOCI214 D001 Summer 2023 TJ Assignments Assignment Two: Final Paper - Waves of Immigration Assignment Two: Final Paper - Waves of Immigration Instructions: This final paper will be 4-6 pages, not including title and reference pages, in which you analyze the future direction of stratification in the U.S. Maximum of 6 pages of content. In this assignment, you will include: 1) A description of the latest wave of mass immigration, which began in the 1960s. Discuss in detail the particular issues of stratification faced by this latest wave of immigrants, integrating our course materials. Be sure to include dates. 2) A comparison of the impact of the latest wave (approximately 1960s-now) with the first wave (approximately 1820s-1920s) of immigrants in terms of types of populations involved, causes for immigrating, and overall impact on U.S. society, drawing from our course materials; be sure to include dates/years. 3) Your own analysis of how you think the negative consequences of stratification could be improved in society for one particular disadvantaged group of your choosing. What are the specific actions that could be taken and in what areas of social life would the steps create positive change? In doing so, you must apply: Two social concepts (i.e. discrimination, racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, etc.) from our materials and/or outside scholarly readings for this group. You may find our Sociological Theories and Concepts Toolkit to be helpful (found in Announcements). Two social theories (i.e. conflict theory, interactionist theory, feminist theory, critical race theory, etc.) from our materials and outside scholarly readings (journal articles no more than five years old) for this group. You may find our Sociological Theories and Concepts Toolkit to be helpful (found in Announcements). In addition to our course materials (be sure to cite), you will significantly incorporate research throughout the paper from at least three peer reviewed academic journals (journal articles) no more than five years old. You will start with an introduction (including a thesis statement) and end with a closing or summary Your paper should utilize sound critical thought and it should include appropriate APA in-text citations and full APA references.12/10/2023, 07:59 Assignment Two: Final Paper - Waves of Immigration - SOCI214 D001 Summer 2023 - APEI https://myclassroom.apus.edu/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_submit_files.d2l?db=367325&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=129157 2/2 Add a File Record Audio Record Video Due on Oct 15, 2023 11:59 PM Show Rubrics Submit Assignment Files to submit (0) file(s) to submit After uploading, you must click Submit to complete the submission. Comments The structure of the paper must include the following with subheadings to identify each section: -- TITLE PAGE (1 page) -- BODY OF PAPER WITH SUBHEADINGS (4 pages minimum - 6 pages maximum) -- REFERENCE PAGE (1-page minimum) General requirements: Submissions should be typed, double-spaced, 1" margins, times new roman 12 pt font, and saved as .doc, .docx, .pdf. Use APA format for citations and references View the grading rubric so you understand how you will be assessed on this Assignment. Disclaimer- Originality of attachments will be verified by Turnitin. Both you and your instructor will receive the results. This course has a "Resubmission" status enabled to help you if you need to submit multiple documents as part of your Assignment. Resubmission of an Assignment after it is graded, to attempt a better grade, is not permitted
Answer Below:
Description of the Latest Wave of Mass Immigration The latest mass immigration wave began in the 1960s and is continuing to date. To be precise, the final wave of immigration to America was initiated in the year of 1965 with the enactment of the Hart-Celler Act. This was because it changed the unfair quota system in the nation with a new policy that emphasized the greater good of the immigrants as people having job skills or relatives who were already residing in the nation were given preference. Even restrictions that were previously set upon certain specific groups were eradicated. All these changes in the policies of the country brought about the latest wave (TDC, 2014). In the 1970s, the origins of most immigrants were not in Europe but in Asia and Latin America (Martin, 2014). With further changes carried forth as a part of the Great Society program, the number of immigrants from Europe decreased from 60% in 1970 to 15% in 2000. However, the problem of undocumented immigrants particularly from Latin America did not resolve as people continued to migrate to lead better lives. With the enactment of the Immigration Act (1990), the number of legal immigrants per year increased in the country by 40% (TDC, 2014). From 2000 to 2009, 3/4th of 10 million admitted immigrants were from Asia and Latin America (Martin, 2014). In the recent context, about 14.3% of the nation’s population is found to be born in a foreign country, thereby being home to approximately 20% of the total number of immigrants in the globe. However, estimates suggest that over 10 million of these immigrants are illegally residing in the country (TDC, 2014). In this concern, the issues of stratification also need to be considered. For instance, Americans are found to avoid discussing social stratifications such as class as it is considered to be a taboo. Nevertheless, it has been witnessed during the latest wave that class conflicts have become the root cause of political polarization. These are some of the issues related to stratification that have been highlighted in the course materials. Specifically, a concerning issue was highlighted wherein a household earning over $200,000 also classified themselves as middle class. This indicates that people in America term themselves as middle class almost indiscriminately. Statistically, 30% of Americans are found to be a part of the poor class with about $22,000 median income. The middle class consists of 53% of Americans with a median income of about $75,000 and then comes the top class, which accounts for 17% of Americans, and are managerial elite and professionals with a household income (median) of $173,000. These indicate that people in America are not that aware of class stratification, which has led to political polarization. Besides, class influences every aspect of living within a country. Therefore, it is highly required by today’s population to understand the class cultural gap (Williams, 2018). These also depict that after the rise in immigration in the recent context, inequality also increased to a significant extent, which is one of the reasons why income-based or wealth-based stratification has been evident in the nation. This kind of stratification has further increased pressure upon foreign residents because of changing border and immigration policies. Not only this but exclusion and discrimination of immigrants were also considered based on ethnicity and race due to the increase in anti-immigrant enforcement. These aspects further stigmatized undocumented immigrants. By 2008, several changes were observed, and consequently, Hispanic immigrants were increasingly disadvantaged in the socioeconomic hierarchy. This trend has also been quite evident in the national statistics. For instance, during the 1990s and 2000s, Hispanics occupied a middle-class position while whites were found to secure the top position. Besides, the blacks were a part of the bottom strata. Over time, the economic status of Hispanics declined so much that they were considered to be at or below the African Americans (Massey, 2011). All these issues need to be eradicated so that America can flourish as a whole. Comparison between the Latest Wave and the First Wave There are significant differences between the first wave of immigrants and the latest wave. The first wave took place from about the 1820s to the 1920s while the second wave was initiated from the 1960s to the present. In terms of the kinds of population, it has been understood that during the first wave between the 1820s and 1860s, Irish people who were majorly Catholic migrated to America. While 5 million immigrants were German. Thereafter, between the 1880s and 1920s over 20 million immigrants were found to enter America due to rapid industrialization that came from European regions. The population also involved 2 million Jews and 4 million Italians. Even Chinese immigrants were part of the garment and gold mine workers in the nation. As a result of anti-Chinese sentiments, restrictions were imposed on certain groups of immigrants. Nevertheless, in the 1900s, 1.3 million people were found to enter America in search of good opportunities. These have been found to impact American society significantly as during the 1907s prejudices were evident. Specifically, 1917 witnessed the rise of Xenophobia at the time of World War I. Particularly, in 1924, the immigrant population comprised mainly unauthorized Asians (A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2018; TDC, 2014). Until 1960, America admitted more than 3 million refugees at the time of the Cold War. However, about 14,000 children from Cuba were found to be part of the immigrant population during 1960 and 1962. 1965 further marked the year in which the quota system, enacted during the first wave (i.e. 1920s), offered to some ethnic and racial groups was eradicated. This is one of the key differences between the first and the latest wave of immigrants. With this, immigrants from Asia increased to a significant extent. Contrary to the first wave, family reunification was prioritized among the immigrant population in the latest one. This indicates that in the latest wave, most of the immigrants entered the country to reunite with their families (A&E Television Networks, LLC., 2018). These can be considered as the key differences between the two waves of immigrants. Herein, it needs to be noted that both waves had significant impacts on American society. The first wave highlighted illegal migration issues while the second wave involved stratification issues such as class cultural gap (Williams, 2018; TDC, 2014). Analysis Application of Social Concepts One particular disadvantaged group that has been taken into consideration is Hispanics. For the benefit of this group, the adverse consequences of stratification can be reduced in society by closely considering two social concepts and those are discrimination and ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the social concept where a group of people believes that their culture is superior to others in a community. This is one of the conditions that are required to form inequality in the country, especially in terms of race and class. In particular, beliefs such as the nuclear family and individual owners of land being superior in society should be eradicated. Moreover, ethnocentrism was also evident in the education system of the nation, which needs to be carefully eliminated from its roots so that disadvantaged groups such as Hispanics can attain some benefits from American society similar to other groups (Fitzgerald, 2014; Berger, & Guidroz, 2010). Therefore, this aspect needs to be carefully dealt and appropriate governmental policies need to be enacted to improve the situation for Hispanics. Discrimination is also a similar concept, which needs to be focused equally as that of ethnocentrism. This is because gender discrimination has been evident in America's education system. As a result, Hispanic females are at a greater disadvantage than their male counterparts. Therefore, stricter rules and policies should be enacted within the education and social systems so that this group can enjoy the benefits of living in American society as others. Apart from this kind of discrimination, other kinds also adversely impact disadvantaged groups such as Hispanics such as individual discrimination (Fitzgerald, 2014; Berger, & Guidroz, 2010). Thus, cases of discrimination and ethnocentrism should be given equal importance and should be heard as well as acknowledged so that the issues can be addressed. Application of Social Theories Applying one of the social theories i.e. conflict theory, the issues faced by Hispanics in society can be reduced. This theory focuses on the conflict between the subordinate and dominant groups in terms of valued and scarce resources (Fitzgerald, 2014). Thus, in this case, conflicts between Hispanics and other groups can be examined. This can be further termed as conflict analysis. However, as per this theory, societal conflict may not always be bad for a society it may be required for facilitating social change, such as the civil rights movement that led to several positive changes through appropriate policies (Fitzgerald, 2014). Therefore, Hispanics can also incorporate these kinds of movements so that they can be treated equally in society and can get equal opportunities. Application of another social theory i.e. critical race can be done so that the situation of Hispanics can be improved in the nation. Critical race theory is a modern approach to conducting legal analysis based on racial premise. This theory challenges mainstream approaches concerning racial justice, which can be advantageous for disadvantaged groups. This theory has been efficiently used to examine the experience of Asian Americans in educational discourse. It was found that they were perceived to be a model minority due to their success in educational institutions. However, it was later argued that this kind of image is harmful to the concerned group (Fitzgerald, 2014). Thus, a similar kind of analysis can be done in the case of Hispanics so that beneficial approaches can be taken into consideration to improve their condition in society. References A&E Television Networks, LLC. (2018). U.S. immigration timeline. History. https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/immigration-united-states-timeline#amnesty-to-undocumented-immigrants Berger, M. T., & Guidroz, K. (Eds.). (2010). The intersectional approach: Transforming the academy through race, class, and gender. Univ of North Carolina Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/reader.action?docID=475159&ppg=186&tm=1528133147046# Fitzgerald, K. J. (2014). Recognizing race and ethnicity: Power, privilege, and inequality. Hachette UK. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/reader.action?docID=1340958&ppg=156&tm=1527882857495# Martin, P. (2014). Trends in Migration to the U.S. Population Reference Bureau. https://www.prb.org/resources/trends-in-migration-to-the-u-s/#:~:text=The%20fourth%20wave%20began%20after,a%20year%20since%20the%201990s. Massey, D. S. (2011). The new immigrant survey and research on American stratification. Social Science Research, 40(5), 1287-1291. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.06.001 TDC. (2014). The Immigration History of the United States. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBJcqxI7kas Williams, J.C. (2018). We won't fix American politics until we talk about class. TEDx Talks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7I6D1i27NwMore Articles From Political Science
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