Question.3902 - Oceanography: Homework # 4 and Study Guide for Exam # 3, Chapters 7,8 Due date: upload on Canvas at 06:00 pm Answer the below questions for homework # 4 and to study for Exam 3. The homework must be turned in prior to the exam to receive credit. Chapter 7 Ocean circulation Compare and contrast western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents, in terms of flow direction, temperature, speed and depth of currents. Distinguish between upwelling and downwelling. And, discuss the biological impact of upwelling and downwelling on marine ecosystems. Provide examples of marine systems that are impacted by these processes in your answer. What are gyres, why do they exist, and what do they do in the ocean? (Include wind, Coriolis effect and gravity in your response to this question.) Be able to relate the flow of the California Current to flow of the Southern California Countercurrent and formation of the Southern California Eddy within the Southern California Bight. Draw and label each on a map of the Bight. Why are small eddies common within the Southern California Bight? What is El Nino, and what causes El Nino to flow across the Pacific Ocean? How does an El Nino event affect weather in southern California? Describe the circulation of deep ocean water? 1) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) the western boundary currents tends to possess a level of warmer and deeper flow at a increased pace poleward along the western side of ocean basins; while on the other hand, the Eastern Boundary currents are often observed to possess a lower temperature, flowing across eastwards with a shallow currents in a lesser pace when compared to western boundaries current. 2) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) upwelling implies carrying the a colder temperature water which is often observed to have better nutrients from the deeper oceans to the surface, this causes increased trends of bio activities across the marine surface like coasts of Peru and California - leads to abundant thriving of bio-life form in both the oceans and coastal life; while on the other hand, downwelling is a little opposite - refereeing to carrying the warmer water to the bottom, in both the process the temperature plays a vital role in sinking and raises the water due to variations in water temperature and density - however, in downwelling decreased primary productivity, leading to fewer marine organisms. 3) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) Gyres are typically a ocean circulation that occurs in larger scale - which has the potential to rotate in different directions like clockwise in Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere - and often certain factors like wind (both trade and westerlies influence the surface water by giving a push that in turn results in currents), Coriolis effort (that is due to earth's rotation - there is a deflection of ocean currents) and lastly, gravity (aids in restoring the level of water by causing return flow) tends drive gyres, not to forget that it has the potential to drive regulating Earth's climate by manipulating heat and nutrient flow in the water. 4) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) and the map utilized in the class, I believe Southern California countercurrent tends to possess a warmer and less nutrient current flow towards the northwards while on the other hand, California Eddy are smaller when compared and possess rotating eddies that form at the boundaries between the two. 5) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) I believe smaller eddies are often common in the Southern California Bight because of its complex interactions between the currents and topographies, wherein due to the abrupt fluctuations in the ocean depth and also being influenced coastal features impact the flow forming eddies 6) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) El Nino tends to imply climate patterning which could form due to unusually warming of ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean; whenever the ocean waters experience an increase in temperature it disrupts the normal atmospheric pressure patterns globally impacting the seasons like rain fall, while in Southern California it could experience increased rainfall with warmer climatic temperature. 7) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) it is also referred to as thermohaline form of circulation often caused differences in water density with varied influences from temperature and salinity, wherein the colder salty water experiences a sink across polar regions that in turn creates a deeper ocean current flowing slowly, eventually upwells completing a cycle. References Trujillo, A. P., & Thurman, H. V. (2019). Essentials of oceanography 13th edition. Chapter 8: Waves and Water Dynamics Compare shallow-water and deep-water waves. Explain how wave refraction is different from wave reflection. Briefly describe how tsunami are generated and include a description of characteristics such as wavelength and wave speed. Do tsunami behave as shallow-water waves? What would the shoreline look like when the trough of tsunami arrives? Describe the relationship between the following: wave height, wavelength, wave speed, and wave steepness Tsunami along the coast of southern California are rare, but could develop at any time, with little or no warning. Explain how this might occur. 1) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) I believe shallow water waves tend to be impacted by the water depth wherein the wavelength is also larger than the depth, while on the other hand, considering the deep water waves- wherein the speed is impacted by the wavelengths which is often smaller than water depths. 2) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) refraction refers to the wave bending since they hit shorelines at a angle causing wave energy to directed towards headlands and dispersed in bays, while on the other hand, reflection is also a bounce back but it is when they hit the barriers like seawall, sometime cliffs act as natural seawalls. 3) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) these are long-wavelengths with a potential to cause destruction and are often generated by disturbances in the tectonic plates, they have characteristics of a shallow water waves even in the deeper water due to it wave length, and lastly the trough of tsunami could cause a sudden and dramatic withdrawal of water from the shoreline, exposing the seafloor which serves as an indication or warning sign. 4) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) the height tends to imply the vertical distance between crest and trough, while length is between two consecutive crests or trough, and the speed is measured by the travel time of the waves while steepness is the ratio between height and length 5) According to the insights from Trujillo and Thurman (2019) the region is exposed to vulnerability due to seismic activities across the fault lines like San Andreas Fault, although larger tsunamis are rare - the once caused has the potential cause significant damage and with early earning systems/forecasting's, public awareness intervention for mitigating the risk tends to aid to a certain extent. References Trujillo, A. P., & Thurman, H. V. (2019). Essentials of oceanography 13th edition.
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