Question.1136 - While the bulk of our work this week was on the results section, you now have additional information to update your methods section as well. So we are looking for 4 specific things this week: An updated participants section. You should have run some descriptive analyses so you can now state how many participants you have, and provide detail about those participants (gender, ages, etc). Remember to use mean and standard deviation values when appropriate. An updated measures section. You should have reliability information for all of your scales. That information should be added now. A results section. Please pay attention to APA style in writing your results. Examples exist in the Cronk text and examples are provided in Canvas. Incorporating any other changes to these sections that have been previously pointed out. Note: See the sample paper in the resources area below: It is the same paper you have been looking at, but now it includes the results section (and a participants section and measures section in final form).
Answer Below:
Week 14: Updated Method/ Results Section Draft Floyd Davis Maryville University SOSC 485-2W Professor Elizabeth Culhane November 29th, 2023 Week 7: Paper Draft Submission Literature Review Environmental justice is defined as the equitable distribution of environmental benefits and responsibilities, with the goal of ensuring that disadvantaged and low-income groups are not disproportionately harmed by environmental deterioration and pollution (Shelton & Eakin, 2022). Environmental justice challenges are prominent in South Africa, like in many other nations, particularly poor metropolitan areas where vulnerable communities bear a disproportionate weight of environmental difficulties. This review of the literature gives an overview of prior research and theories that highlight the role of social media in furthering environmental justice, particularly in impoverished areas of South Africa. Environmental Justice in South Africa The nation's long record of environmental injustice is inextricably linked to the country's complicated sociopolitical terrain, while apartheid-era policies frequently pushed underprivileged people, particularly Black South Africans, to locations with high pollution levels and limited access to environmental advantages (Shah et al., 2021). These historical injustices continue to afflict disadvantaged urban populations, where environmental degradation and pollution remain, resulting in health disparities and socioeconomic issues (Rodr?guez-Labajos et al., 2019). The Role of social media in Environmental Justice Social media has developed as an effective tool for increasing awareness, organizing groups, and campaigning for change, wherein it gives underprivileged populations a place to express their stories and rally support for environmental justice initiatives (Shah et al., 2021). Social media may be used by activists and groups to share information, engage in lobbying, and stimulate policy change (Brown & Spiegel, 2019). With this understanding, considering the #WaterMustFall movement that trended on social media wherein that movement helped the local people join hands for a cause and also got the attention governmental and international geopolitical view that led to immense support and pressure on the government to address the Cape Town's water problem in 2018 (Wood & Meyer, 2022). Not to forget the protests that happened pertaining to the #AntiFracking campaign that received a surge in support through the social media post that showed the impact it could cause to the environment and how it left ground water resource contaminated, the post spread like wild fire and the awareness among several government official led to a band in South Africa (Garland et al., 2023). Environmental injustices have also been documented through social media, and polluters have been held responsible. Residents of the Vaal Triangle, for example, utilized social media in 2019 to publish photographs and videos of black water coming from their taps. This sparked enormous public indignation and compelled the government to conduct an investigation (Ramaremisa et al., 2022). Social Media and Environmental Activism Social media platforms like, X (formerly known as Twitter), Instagram, and others play a crucial role in connecting individuals with shared environmental justice concerns (Sarrica et al., 2021). It is important to consider interventions that intervene from the grassroot levels, social media that are popular among the masses like WhatsApp can be possess a major influential impact on the people in terms of the reach and support, as discussed it has the potential to establish a network of followers who share the same opinion and they could share experiences and expertise, that could help in having more than one solution and also have diverse scope to exert pressure on the policy makers to redress environmental injustices (Brown & Speigel, 2019). With similar intent, the credibility of producing positive outcome with online support tends to be the subjected to substantial change referred to as slacktivism, while social media activism among the grassroot level. Through the social media application people can be thought to develop to campaign their support for the concern issue. Although exposed towards obstacles in terms of having a social media audience take part in environmental justice activities or interventions, the intent is to expand the possibility getting the masses to understand the justice advancements in South Africa pertaining environment, and the stakeholder include journalist, social justice activists, scholars, and politicians who have the authority to leverage power of social media population. The Impact of social media on Policy Change By bringing attention to environmental concerns and encouraging public debate, social media activism can influence policy change. Environmental justice initiatives have the potential to acquire traction, leading to legislative and policy changes (Newman & Gough, 2020). Social media-fueled public pressure can result in the implementation of measures targeted at reducing environmental inequities (Brown & Spiegel, 2019). Challenges and Limitations While social media has potential for achieving environmental justice, there are difficulties. Access to technology and digital literacy disparities can prevent certain groups from participating in online activism. Furthermore, the possibility of "slacktivism," in which online support does not transfer into significant change, should be recognized (Newman & Gough, 2020). The Need for Inclusive Research It is critical to recognize the relationship between social media and environmental justice in impoverished South African communities. Participant-led research in these communities can give essential insights on the experiences and effectiveness of social media in furthering environmental justice. In conclusion, he combination of social media and environmental justice offers a potential solution for addressing environmental injustices in South African low-income metropolitan regions, in scenario when a particular set of population is made aware about how their support can be leveraged to push the government and private sectors to build a more sustainable operation. Additional Scholarly Information The role of social media in environmental justice movements: By offering a forum for underrepresented populations to magnify their voices, interact with others, and publicize their experiences, social media has played a vital role in supporting environmental justice movements in order to leverage the support of the social media population for environmental justice initiatives and to put pressure on governments to address environmental concerns. The impact of social media on environmental policy change: Environmental policy reform may be influenced through social media activism by attracting attention to environmental concerns, stimulating public dialogue, and increasing pressure for change. As discussed earlier, in #WaterMustFall movement (in South Africa) raised awareness of the Cape Town water problem and put pressure on the government to fix it (Wood & Meyer, 2022). Similarly, Greta Thunberg, a Swedish adolescent, started the #FridaysForFuture initiative by walking out of school every Friday to urge more climate action (Tomnyuk et al., 2023). Her tweets and social media posts went viral rapidly, prompting kids all across the world to join the campaign. This worldwide, youth-led climate movement has pushed governments to prioritize climate measures while also inspiring young activists to take part in climate strikes and policy dialogues (Tomnyuk et al., 2023). The challenges of using social media for environmental justice: Although social media could turn out to be a great instrument for environmental justice, several issues must be addressed. The digital gap is one issue that might prevent underprivileged populations from participating in internet activism (Garland et al., 2023). But one example that overcame similar challenges are, several grassroots movements and groups have used social media to raise awareness about plastic pollution and lobby for measures to limit single-use plastics. Initiatives such as #BeatPlasticPollution and #PlasticFreeJuly have organized citizens and placed pressure on governments to impose plastic bans and laws (Piacentini et al., 2021). #WaterMustFall movement: As discussed earlier in the above section in 2018, the #WaterMustFall movement utilized social media to rally public support and put pressure on the government to fix Cape Town's water problem (Wood & Meyer, 2022). One such similar example can be seen in the United States, wherein the protesters stood against Dakota having access Pipeline's development received enormous popularity on social media. The #NoDAPL hashtag and accompanying efforts on social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook drew international attention (Estes & Dhillon, 2019). This extensive social media involvement aided in rallying support for the demonstrators and putting further pressure on the government, ultimately resulting to the pipeline's rerouting. #AntiFracking movement: The #AntiFracking movement is a community-based organization that has utilized social media in order to raise awareness of the environmental and health concerns involved with fracking and campaign for the practice's prohibition in South Africa (Garland et al., 2023). There were several videos and infographs that disseminated information on how fracking, damaged the ground water reserve and surrounding ecosystem that would take decades to recover, this knowledge share led to imposing ban. Simialry, the hashtags #PrayforAmazonia and #AmazonRainforest became widespread on social media platforms in reaction to the worrisome spike in Amazon rainforest fires (Alzamora et al., 2024). These initiatives boosted worldwide awareness about the environmental problem and pushed governments throughout the world, including Brazil, to adopt tougher measures to safeguard the Amazon. #VaalTriangleWaterCrisis: Residents of the Vaal Triangle took to social media in 2019 to share photographs and videos of black water gushing from their taps (Ramaremisa et al., 2022). This sparked enormous public indignation and compelled the government to conduct an investigation. The dark water was produced by a mix of issues, including inadequate water infrastructure, industrial pollutants, and sewage leaks, according to the authorities (Ramaremisa et al., 2022). Although the government has taken attempts to resolve these concerns, the Vaal Triangle water crisis continues. Social media advancements towards environmental justice in South Africa: Documenting environmental injustices: Environmental injustices are being documented around the country via social media. In that regard, the #ToxicTourSA initiative is utilizing social media to record harmful contamination in South African communities (Homchick, 2020). This documentation may be used to bring environmental injustices to light and punish polluters responsible. Mobilizing public support: Environmental justice causes are using social media to rally public support. For instance, in South Africa, the #JustTransition campaign is utilizing social media to rally support for an equitable transition to a renewable energy economy (Kenfack, 2019). Advocating for policy change: Environmental policy changes are being advocated for using social media. For instance, the #ClimateJusticeNow campaign is utilizing social media to lobby the South African government to adopt more aggressive climate-change action (Kilpatrick, 2020). Similar and successful stories In 2021, a study was conducted by the University of California, Berkeley, social media spoke against Flint water crisis campaign's, wherein the support from the social media surged against the government interventions and standing for the poor communities (Black and Hispanic Flint took the support from a state to nationwide protest) (Pennington, 2021). According to a study performed by the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 2021, social media was effectively used to garner public support for the #NarmadaBachaoAndolan movement (Mallick, 2021). The #NarmadaBachaoAndolan campaign is a grassroots protest against the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River (Mallick, 2021). The dam is a contentious project that has relocated thousands of people and caused environmental catastrophe. The #NarmadaBachaoAndolan movement, according to the study, utilized social media to engage with local people from all over India and raise awareness of the dam's repercussions, in this scenario social media was employed to mobilize public support for the campaign's demonstrations and rallies (Mallick, 2021). Nonetheless, another example from the developing nation recently wherein "Extinction Rebellion" movement in the United Kingdom was to support climate which was referred to as the "Youth for Climate" in Belgium used social media to organize and coordinate large-scale protests demanding climate action (Bevan, 2020). Social media utilized to establish advancement in terms of environmental justice across the globe: Organizing and mobilizing communities: Communities are being organized and mobilized to take action on environmental concerns via the use of social media. The #FridaysForFuture campaign - utilized social media to engage with students to against climate change (Tomnyuk et al., 2023). Pressuring governments and companies: Governments and corporations are being pressed by citizens to take action on environmental concerns by means of social media. The #GreenNewDeal campaign engaged social media to put pressure on the US government to pass a Green New Deal, a proposal that includes an ambitious effort to move the nation to a clean energy economy (Zografos & Robbins, 2020). Raising awareness of environmental issues: Globally, social media is being utilized to increase awareness of environmental concerns. The #ExtinctionRebellion campaign raised awareness of the climate issue and to advocate for immediate action (Furlong & Vignoles, 2021). Earthlife Africa, a South African environmental justice group, has a significant social media presence. They utilize social media to connect with other environmental justice activists and groups all across the world, disseminate information about their work, and rally support for their campaigns. In 2019, the #VaalTriangleWaterCrisis campaign utilized social media to raise awareness of the South African Vaal Triangle water problem, the campaign used hashtags to reach a broader audience by sharing photographs and videos of black water coming from people's taps (Ramaremisa et al., 2022). Another event in 2022 took place in South Africa wherein through the word of social media people to join hands against coal-fired power plant. Mining Affected Communities United in Action (MACUA) in 2021 a South African environmental justice organization engaged with social media platform to establish a campaign disseminated information on the effects of mining on communities and utilized pertinent hashtags to reach a larger audience. Methods Participants Participants are drawn from low-income metropolitan neighborhoods in South Africa's disadvantaged districts, since the study is intended towards involving a diverse group of 100 people to gain a full knowledge of the function of social media in advancing environmental justice in these areas. But the turnout rate when compared to the expected participants were around 18%. Among 20 participants who took part in the survey, 2 of them were less than 18 years old, and the survey prompt did not allow them to proceed. Considering the remaining 18 participants who had agreed by giving their consent to share their information for research purposes. Among the turnout account, eight males, eight females, and 2 participants refused to share their gender, while one male and one female among them were those who did not use social media. Instruments The primary instrument for data collection in this study is an online survey questionnaire. The poll is intended to examine participants' social media activity and opinions of environmental justice, as it includes multiple-choice questions, open-ended questions, and Likert-scale questions, covering subjects such as social media use, understanding of environmental justice concerns, engagement in environmental justice efforts, and views on policy changes connected to environmental injustices. Procedure The study's procedure involves several steps, including informed consent, survey questionnaire completion, avoidance of revealing hypotheses to prevent response bias, an estimated survey completion time of 20-30 minutes, and the assurance of confidentiality. Additionally, participants are provided with contact information for mental health care and support hotlines in case they experience emotional distress as a result of the survey's content. Results (draft) Considering three variables: Advocacy, awareness, and addressing injustice, the dataset tends to imply that around 80% of participants who were exposed to awareness and accessibility of social media showed signs of interest in environmental injustice and indulged in raising their voices on social media. Using a One-Way ANOVA test that assesses the three variables means there is no interlink between the three variables; rather they individually support the research questions by giving insight from diverse perspectives, claiming the potential of social media to influence, which can be seen through the ordinal scale employed to gather the data, that helped in obtaining the rank of the variables that was chosen. According to the One-way ANOVA Test, A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the use of social media and advocacy, F ( 1, 16 ) = 0.771 , p = 0.393. A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the use of social media and awareness, F ( 1, 16 ) = 1.142 , p = 0.301 A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the use of social media and address injustice, F (1,16 ) = 0.444 , p = 0.514. References Alzamora, G. C., Gambarato, R. R., & T?rcia, L. (2024). # PrayforAmazonia: Transmedia Mobilisation within National, Transnational and International Identities. In Transmedia Selves (pp. 161-178). Routledge. Bevan, L. D. (2020). Climate change strategic narratives in the United Kingdom: emergency, extinction, effectiveness. Energy research & social science, 69, 101580. Brondi, S., Pivetti, M., Di Battista, S., & Sarrica, M. (2021). What do we expect from robots? Social representations, attitudes and evaluations of robots in daily life. Technology in Society, 66, 101663. Brown, B., & Spiegel, S. J. (2019). Coal, climate justice, and the cultural politics of energy transition. Global environmental politics, 19(2), 149-168. Estes, N., & Dhillon, J. (Eds.). (2019). Standing with standing Rock: Voices from the# NoDAPL movement. U of Minnesota Press. Furlong, C., & Vignoles, V. L. (2021). Social identification in collective climate activism: Predicting participation in the environmental movement, extinction rebellion. Identity, 21(1), 20-35. Garland, J., Saunders, C., Olcese, C., & Tedesco, D. (2023). Anti-fracking campaigns in the United Kingdom: the influence of local opportunity structures on protest. Social Movement Studies, 22(2), 211-231. Homchick Crowe, J. (2020). Architectural advocacy: The Bullitt Center and environmental design. Environmental Communication, 14(2), 236-254. Kenfack, C. E. (2019). Just transition at the intersection of labour and climate justice movements: Lessons from the Portuguese Climate Jobs campaign. Global Labour Journal, 10(3). Kilpatrick, F. (2020, May). Does XRs Lawbreaking Challenge or Uphold State Injustices?.In Resisting Democratic Law: Circumstances, Methods and Examples. Mallick, K. (2021). Environmental Movements of India: Chipko, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Navdanya. Amsterdam University Press. Newman, M., & Gough, D. (2020). Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives and application. Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives and application, 3-22. Pennington, K. (2021). Essays in Individual Adaptation to Policy Change. University of California, Berkeley. Piacentini, M., Stowell, A., Skandalis, A., Hardy, J., Hendry, L., Cronin, J., ... & Verma, S. (2021). Keep Calm and Carry On: Our reflections on participating in Plastic-Free July. Ramaremisa, G., Ndlovu, M., & Saad, D. (2022). Comparative assessment of microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the vaal river, South Africa: abundance, composition, and sources. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 41(12), 3029-3040. Rodr?guez-Labajos, B., Y?nez, I., Bond, P., Greyl, L., Munguti, S., Ojo, G. U., & Overbeek, W. (2019). Not so natural an alliance? Degrowth and environmental justice movements in the global south. Ecological economics, 157, 175-184. Shah, E., Vos, J., Veldwisch, G. J., Boelens, R., & Duarte-Abad?a, B. (2021). Environmental justice movements in globalising networks: A critical discussion on social resistance against large dams. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(5), 1008-1032. Shelton, R. E., & Eakin, H. (2022). Whos fighting for justice?: advocacy in energy justice and just transition scholarship. Environmental Research Letters, 17(6), 063006. Tomnyuk, V., Varavallo, G., Parisi, T., & Barbera, F. (2023). All Shades of Green: The Anatomy of the Fridays for Future Movement in Italy. Sustainability, 15(18), 13917. Wood, N., & Meyer, F. (2022). Just Stories: The Role of Speculative Fiction in Challenging the Growing Climate Apartheid. Psychology in Society, (63), 29-51. Zografos, C., & Robbins, P. (2020). Green sacrifice zones, or why a green new deal cannot ignore the cost shifts of just transitions. One Earth, 3(5), 543-546.More Articles From Project Management
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