Question.3085 - TOPIC: HOW BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL LEADS TO A BETTER ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE Here is the format: Let us clarify the purposes of the five chapters of a conventional dissertation. Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 1 should convince a reader that the topic of the dissertation is important and that the method of inquiry is likely to make a significant contribution to the topic. In this chapter, the researcher has the opportunity to appeal in a less formal way to practical and conceptual issues that the dissertation should be able to inform. If there are unusual terms to be used in the text, this is the chapter where they should be first introduced. Part of convincing readers of the importance of the research is to BRIEFLY introduce them to the method that will be employed. (Details of method will be given in chapter 3.) Guiding questions or hypotheses should be articulated and basic elements of the study's method (such as purpose, subjects, data collection strategies, and data analysis strategies) should be BRIEFLY articulated. Chapter 2. Literature review Chapter 2 is more formal than chapter 1 and presents a critical analysis of prior scholarship related to the central questions of the dissertation. The literature review serves several purposes: · It identifies chief researchers and documents in the community of scholars to which the dissertation is meant to contribute. · It identifies areas of consensus, dispute, and ignorance in the scholarship of the field and evaluates the nature and quality of support for various contentions. · It draws new insights or new questions from the literature to offer a conceptual or theoretical framework in which the dissertation should be understood. · It prepares the reader to appreciate how the dissertation will contribute significant new understanding to this framework, a point that is more fully developed in chapter 3. The format of chapter 2 varies considerably depending on the quality of the literatures being reviewed and the degree to which the literatures emerge from a single or multiple research communities. Headings are useful ways of organizing a literature review presentation. Some reviews warrant tables that give brief summaries of collections of studies. In any event, the literature review should not merely describe prior studies, but build a reasoned and well-documented case for specific conclusions and for the significance of the dissertation research. Chapter 3. Research method The third chapter of the dissertation presents the method by which the researcher collects and analyzes data for the study. It should provide a clear enough picture of what was done to allow readers to evaluate the validity of the study conclusions or emulate research strategies in another setting. Chapter 3 should begin with a reiteration of the purpose of the study and the guiding questions or hypotheses described in chapter 1. A full presentation of your methods should include: 1. Subjects and setting. The characteristics of participants of the study, how they were selected, and the setting of the study should be presented in detail. 2. Apparatus and instrumentation. If the researcher used any tools or instruments that might be important for readers to understand (such as, assessment instruments, surveys, interview formats, observation protocols, and data collection devices), these should be described in detail. If subjects interacted with special equipment or software, or other materials, a detailed description is essential. Actual copies of instruments or photographs of equipment can be included in appendices. (Be sure to obtain copyright permission if needed.) 3. Data collection procedures. The readers should be given a thorough description of all the steps involved in data collection. Timelines are helpful, either in outline or graphical representation. Efforts to protect the reliability of findings and the validity of inferences should be detailed. 4. Data analysis. Regardless of the data collection method you use, some analytic strategy must be applied to make sense of the observations. Chapter 3 should describe the analytic strategies you intend to employ and a rationale for their use. To the degree that you can expect your readers will be unfamiliar with your strategy, you will need to provide greater detail. Methods of “data cleaning” and refinement, categorization schemes and how they were developed, data transformations, statistical tests, and checks on the validity and generalizability of conclusions are suitable topics. You provide sufficient information for readers to determine the reasonableness of your conclusions. Any unexpected deviation from your data collection plans or unusual events that might complicate the interpretation of your findings should be frankly described here (and mentioned again in both chapters 4 and 5). Depending on your study's method or peculiarities of your implementation, other issues might need to be addressed in this chapter. For example, some studies might warrant a discussion of ethical issues in the research or provide a more thorough rationale for the particular method used compared to other possible modes of inquiry. Chapter 4. Results The fourth chapter of the dissertation summarizes and analyzes the study's data with only minimal interpretation. This chapter should bring your readers as close as reasonable to the original data and experiences of your study. This gives the reader some chance to form his or her own inferences from your data and match them against your own conclusions in chapter 5. It should begin with a brief review of the purpose of the study and the research method employed. The presentation in chapter 4 should closely follow the guiding questions or hypotheses articulated earlier in the dissertation. Indeed, these questions and hypotheses could be used as headings for sections in which findings relevant to the questions are presented. The results should be presented first in their simplest form (such as, simple narrative descriptions, simple counts of frequency, and descriptive statistics), later in more complex forms (multifactor interactions and generalized patterns or inferential statistics). Generally, interpretation of findings is reserved for chapter 5, but if your study is very complex, readers are likely to become bored reading page after page of uninterpreted results. Sometimes it is useful to highlight the most important findings both in the text and in accompanying tables and to draw some simple conclusions in anticipation of more developed discussions in chapter 5. It is certainly possible that your results might require several chapters to present. This is especially true if your findings are in some way voluminous (e.g., many different kinds of data, thick descriptions of settings, multiple case studies, etc.) and could be most convincingly presented around distinct and independent themes or factors. Chapter 5. Discussion Chapter 5 is perhaps the most crucial because it presents your contribution to the research literature and because some cursory readers will attend to this chapter only. Therefore, it is typical to summarize briefly essential points made in chapters 1 and 3: why is this topic important and how was this study designed to contribute to our understanding of the topic? The remainder of the chapter teases out the implications of the study's findings. These implications can be grouped into those related to theory or generalization, those related to practice, and those related to future research, and separate sections with corresponding headings are good organizers. · Theoretical implications involve your interpretation of the dissertation findings in terms of the questions and hypotheses that guided the study. It is appropriate to critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your work, the degree to which your conclusions are credible given your method and data. It also should include a critical, retrospective examination of the framework presented in the literature review in light of the dissertation’s new findings. · Practice implications should delineate applications of new insights derived from the dissertation to solve real and significant problems of education. · Two kinds of implications for future research are possible: one based on what the study did and found, the other based on what the study did not do or find. Generally, future research could look at different kinds of students in different kinds of settings, interventions with new kinds of protocols or dependent measures, or new theoretical issues which emerge from your study. You should suggest which of these possibilities are likely to be most fruitful and why. No new data or citations should be introduced in chapter 5, though you should refer liberally to findings or citations presented in earlier chapters. Here, however, new frameworks and new insights can and, hopefully, will be articulated. The last words of chapter 5 should give the "walk away message," the enduring ideas or conclusions that you wish readers to keep when they are done. This should be presented in the simplest possible form, being sure to preserve the conditional nature of your insights. The number of pages should be around 130-180 depending but the school did not give a precise value. Standard for dissertation is around 200 pages. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No grammatical errors Don’t copy paste from any website There should be no plagiarism APA referencing 6th edition, intext citation with page numbers is must Look at the assignment and email us any doubts well in advance Please use spreadsheet (MS Excel) for this part and show your calculation)

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