Question.5548 - Cellular respiration includes a relatively complex series of enzymatic reactions that convert the chemical energy from food sources into ATP. In this process, cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. It can take place in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or without oxygen (anaerobic respiration). Cellular respiration occurs as a series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes under various physiological factors. Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic states. Give an account of the fate of pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In eukaryotic cells, the oxidative respiration of pyruvate takes place within the matrix of mitochondria. Explain why the citric acid cycle, or the TCA, also called the Krebs cycle, is considered the central pathway in the energy metabolism of a eukaryotic cell. The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. What are the main electron carriers involved in ETC. Why is it beneficial for cells to use ATP rather than energy directly from the bonds of carbohydrates? Why is ATP a high-energy compound?
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Assignment Activity Unit 4University of The PeopleBIOL 1121 - Biology 1 for Health Studies MajorsAssignment Activity Unit 4Fate of Pyruvate: Aerobic v...
Assignment xxxxxxxx Unit xxxxxxxxxx of xxx PeopleBIOL x Biology xxx Health xxxxxxx MajorsAssignment xxxxxxxx Unit xxxx of xxxxxxxx Aerobic xx AnaerobicAt xxx end xxxxx of xxx glycolysis xxxxxxxx yields xxx molecules xx pyruvate xxxx is xxxxxxx where xxxx of xxxxx pyruvates xxxxxxxxx on xxxxxx availability xxx cellular xxxxxxx Ahern xxxxxxxxx Considering xxx aerobic xxxxxxxxxx that xx whenever xxxxxx being xxxxxxx and xxxxxxxxxxxx are xxxxxxxxxx pyruvate xx transported xxxx the xxxxxxxxxxxxx matrix xxxxxxx the xxxxxxxxxxxxx pyruvate xxxxxxx once xxxxxx the xxxxxxxx undergoes xxxxxxxxx decarboxylation xx the xxxxxxxx Dehydrogenase xxxxxxx yielding xxxxxxxxxx CO xxx reducing xxx to xxxx according xx the xxxxxxxx from xxxxxx and xxxxxx wherein xxxxxxxxxx substrate xxxx enters xxx Citric xxxx Cycle xxx Krebs xxxxx for xxxxxxx oxidation xxxxxxxxxx producing xx H x and xxxxxx energy xxxxxxxx carriers xxxxxxx drawing xx parallels xxxx Ahern xxx Rajagopal xxxxxx acetyl-CoA xxxxxxxx could xxxx be xxxxxxxxxxxx to xxxxxxxxxxxx by xxxxxxxx Carboxylase xxxxxxx a xxxxx important xxx anaplerosis xxxx gluconeogenesis xx replenishing xxxxxxxxx intermediates xx the xxxxx hand xxxxxxxxxxx anaerobic xxxxxxxxxx whenever xxxxxx is xxxxxxxxxxx or xxxxxxxxxxxx are xxxxxx as xx erythrocytes xxxxx cannot xxxxxx NADH xxxxxxxxx into xxx electron xxxxxxxxx chain xxx glycolysis xxxxxxxx NADH xxxxx should xx a xxxxxxxxx to xxxxxxxxxxxx NAD xx glycolysis xxx continue xx several xxxxxx it xxx found xx the xxxxxxxx conducted xx Melkonian xxx Schury xxxxxxxx is xxxxxxx to xxxxxxx by xxxxxxx Dehydrogenase xxxxxxxxxxxx NAD xxxx NADH xxxxxxxx glycolysis xxx its xxx ATP xxxxxxx to xxxxxxxx in xxxxxxx of xxxxxx According xx the xxxxxxxx conducted xx Judge xxx Dodd xx certain xxxxxxxxxxxxx like xxxxx pyruvate xxxxx instead xx decarboxylated xx acetaldehyde xxxx reduced xx ethanol xxxxxxxxx fermentation xxxx regenerating xxx however xxxxxx in xxxxxxxxxxxx typical xxxxxxx cells xxx primary xxxxxxxxx fate xx lactate xxxxxxxx that xxxxxxxxx conditions xxxxxxxx lactate xx other xxxxxxxxxxxx products xxxxxxxx NAD xxxxxxxxxxxx but xxxxxxxx only xxxxxx ATP xx within xxxxxxx conditions xxxxxxxx acetyl-CoA xxx ETC xxxxxxx full xxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxx ATP xxxxx Why xxx TCA xxxxx Is xxx Central xxx of xxxxxxxxxx Energy xxxxxxxxxxxxx Citric xxxx Cycle xxx Krebs xxxxx often xxxxxx the xxxxxxx pathway xx eukaryotic xxxxxx metabolism xxx several xxxxxxxxxxx reasons xxxxxxxx with xxx oxidation xx fuels xxxxx Acetyl-CoA xxxxxxx from xxxxxxxxxxxxx through xxxxxxxxxx fatty xxxxx through xxxxxxxxxxxxxx or xxxx amino xxxxx entering xxx TCA xxxxxxx they xxx fully xxxxxxxx to xx and x O xxxx a xxxxxxxxxxx implies xxx integrating xxxxxxxxxx of xxxxxxx nutrient xxxxx making xx universal xxxxxxxxxx module xxxxx Dodd xxxxxxxx considering xxx cycle xxxxxxxx multiple xxxxxxxxx of xxxx with xxxxxxx nicotinamide xxxxxxx dinucleotide xxx FADH xxxx reduced xxxxxxxx of xxxxxx adenine xxxxxxxxxxxx that xxxxxxx higher xxxxxx electrons xx the xxxxxxxx transport xxxxx for xxxxxxxxx also xxx GTP xx ATP xxxxxxxxx on xxxxxx is xxxxxxxx generated xxxxxx the xxxxxxxxxx of xxxxxxxxxxxx to xxxxxxxxx substrate xxxxx phosphorylation xxxxx Dodd xxxxxxx several xxx intermediates xxxxxx as x precursors xxx biosynthesis xxxxxxx on xxxxxxxxx with xxxxx and xxxx and xxxxxxxx an xxxxxxx -ketoglutarate xxx oxaloacetate xxxxxxxxxx amino xxxx synthesis xxxx glutamate xx aspartate xxxxxxx could xxxxxxx fatty xxxx synthesis xxx other xxxxxxxxxxxxx feeding xxxxxxxxxx heme xxx other xxxxxxxx such x dual xxxx energy xxxxxxxxxx plus xxxxxxxxxxxx making xxx central xx both xxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxxx metabolism xxxxxx being xxx cycle xxxxxxxxxx to xxx energetic xxxxx and xxxxxxxxxxxx demanding xx the xxxx where xxx flux xxxxxxx TCA xxxxxxxxxx electron xxxxxxx supply xx ETC xxxxxxx to xxxxx carbohydrate xxxxx acid xxxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxxxxx metabolic xxxxxxxxxxx enabling xxxxxxxxx adaptation xx nutrients xxxx oxygen xxxxxxxx potential xxxxxx and xxxxxx Judge xxxx Based xx the xxxxx discussion xxx cycle xxxx at xxx cross xxxxx of xxxxxxxxxx it xxxxx biochemical xxx whereby xxxxxxxxxx converges xxxxxx is xxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxxxxx for xxxxxxxxx are xxxxx making xx central xx eukaryotic xxxxxxxx energy xxx metabolic xxxxxxxxxxx Main xxxxxxxx Carriers xx the xxxxxxxx Transport xxxxx ETC xxx electron xxxxxxxxx chain xxxxxxx in xxx inner xxxxxxxxxxxxx membrane xxxxxxxxxx four xxxxx protein xxxxxxxxx and xxx mobile xxxxxxxx carriers xxxx shuttle xxxxxxxxx between xxxxxxxxx starting xxxx complex x NADH xxxxxxxxxxxxx NADH xxxxxxxxxx oxidoreductase xxxxxxxxx electrons xxxx NADH xxxx being xxxxxxxx by xxx or xxxxxxxxxx shuttle xxxx electrons xxxxx go xx a xxxxxx mononucleotide xxxx through x series xx iron xxxxxx clusters xxx finally xx Ubiquinone xxxxxxxx Q x reducing xx to xxxxxxxxx QH xxxxxxx complex x also xxxxx to xxxx proton x from xxx matrix xxxx the xxxxxxxxxxxxx space xxxxxxxxxxxx to xxx proton xxxxxx force xxxxxxxxx Schury xxxxxxxx complex xx succinate xxxxxxxxxxxxx succinate-Q xxxxxxxxxxxxxx oxidizing xxxx generated xx succinate xxxxxxxx in xxx and xxxxxxxxxxx those xxxxxxxxx through xxxx sulfur xxxxxxxx to xxxxxxxxxx while xxxxxxxx Q xx QH xxxxxxx here xxxxxxx II xxxx not xxxx protons xxxxxxxxx Schury xxxxxxx complex xxx Cytochrome xx complex xxxxxxxxx electrons xxxx QH xxxxxx them xxxxxxx its xxxx containing xxxxxxxxxxx cyt x cyt x and xxxx sulfur xxxxxxx and xxxxxxxxxxx them xx Cytochrome x cyt x while xxxxxxx III xxxxxxx protons xxxx the xxxxxxxxxxxxx space xxxxxxxxx the xxxxxx gradient xxxxxxxxx Schury xxxxxx complex xx Cytochrome x oxidase xxxxxxxxx electrons xxxx cytochrome x and xxxxxxxxxxx them xxx at x time xx molecular xxxxxx then xxxxx electron xxxxxxxx reducing xxxxxx to xxxxx in xxx process xxxxxxx IV xxxx pumps xxxxxxx into xxx intermembrane xxxxx Melkonian xxxxxx Electrons xxxx flowing xxxx a xxxxxx of xxxxxxxxxxxx positive xxxxx potentials xxxx Complex x CoQ xxxxxxx III xxx c xxxxxxx IV x H x here xx is xxxxxxxxx to xxxx that xxxxxx is xxxx released xxxxxx electron xxxxxxxx is xxxxxxxxx to xxxx protons xxx of xxx matrix xxxxxxxx an xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx gradient xxxxxx motive xxxxx the xxxxxxxx powers xxx Synthase xxxxxxx V xxxxxx protons xx flow xxxx into xxx matrix xxxxxxx ATP xxxxxxxxx from xxx Pi xxxxxxxxx E x Schury xxxxxxx NADH xxxxxxxx at xxxxxxx I xxxxx to xxxx proton xxxxxxx oxidation xx NADH xxxxxxxx more xxx ATP xxx NADH xxxx oxidation xx FADH xxx per xxxx Melkonian xxxxxx Why xxxxx Use xxx Rather xxxx Direct xxxxxx from xxxxxxxxxxxx Bonds xxx Why xxx Is xxxxxxxxxxx Cells xxxxxxxxx do xxx use xxx energy xxxxxx directly xx carbohydrate xxxxx for xxxxx biochemical xxxxx rather xxxx converting xxxx energy xxxx the xxxxxx energy xxxxxxxxx bonds xx Adenosine xxxxxxxxxxxx The xxxxxxx are xxxxxxxx in xxxxxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxxx economy xxx several xxxxxxxx with xxxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxxxxxxx where xxx being xxxxxxx soluble xxxx is xxxxxxx diffusible xxxxxxxx whose xxxxxx can xx utilized xx several xxxxxxx and xxxxxxxxx by xxxxxxxxxx diverse xxxx molecules xxxx ATP xxxxx creating x universal xxxxxx currency xxxx can xxxxx several xxxxxxxxx biosynthesis xxxxxxxxxxxx even xxxxxxxxx motors xxx whereby xxxxxxxxxxxx tends xx ensure xxxxxxxxxxxxx across xxxxxxxx Judge xxxx Secondly xxxxxx controlled xxxxxx release xxx higher xxxxxx phosphate xxxxx in xxx the xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx bonds xxxxxxx the xxx phosphates xxxxx unstable xxxxx physiological xxxxxxxxxx because xxx three xxxxxxxxx groups xxxxx negative xxxxxxx each xxxxxxx repulsion xxxxx hydrolysis xx ATP xx ADP xx relieving xxx charge xxxxxxxxxx releases x lot xx free xxxxxx kcal xxx under xxxxxxxx conditions xxxxx in xxxx makes xxx hydrolysis xxxx favorable xxxxxxxxxxxx way xx supply xxxxxx Judge xxxx Thirdly xxx synthesis xxx hydrolysis xxxxx reversible xxxxxxx efficient xxxxxxxx between xxxxxx generating xxxxxxxx like xxx and xxxxxx consuming xxxxxxxxx such xxxxxxxx energy xxxxxx energy xx be xxxxxx whenever xxxxxxxx and xxxxxxxx whenever xxxxxx by xxxxxxxxxx cellular xxxxxx homeostasis xxxxxxxxx Schury xx based xx the xxxxx discussion xxx is xxxxxx energy xxx because xxx bonds xxxxxxxxxx are xxxxxxxxx energetic xxx se xxx because xxxxx configuration xxxxx with xxxxxxxxxxxxx repulsion xxx their xxxx strain xxxxxx hydrolysis xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx favorable xxxxxxxxx usable xxxxxx in xxxxxxxxxx quanta xxxxxxxxx in xxx optimal xxxxxx carrier xxxxxxx reversible xxx efficiently xxxxxxxxx ReferencesAhern x Rajagopal x August xxxxxxxxxx Biology xxxxxxxxxx https xxx libretexts xxx Bookshelves xxxxxxxxxxxx Book x Biochemistry xxxx and xxxx Ahern xxx Rajagopal x Metabolism x - xxxxxxxxx Reductive xxxxxxxxx A xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx A xxxx M x Metabolism xxxxxx in xxxxxxxxxxxx https xxx org xxx Melkonian x A xxxxxx M x Biochemistry xxxxxxxxx glycolysis xxxxx www xxxx nlm xxx gov xxxxx books xxx Schell x C xxxxxx J xxx long xxx winding xxxx to xxx mitochondrial xxxxxxxx carrier xxxxxx metabolism 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