Question.4006 - Literature Review Assignment Instructions In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. The literature review must be defined by a guiding concept. It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries* Literature Review Guidelines: The literature review should be 5 pages in length and include an APA title and references page (7 total pages). Minimum of 5 scholarly sources must be included. Paper structure: Intro paragraph that clearly explains the theory and your ‘guiding concept’ (narrow scope) ; clear thesis included Review which makes it clear that you have read, evaluated and analyzed the research articles, and relationships and/or gaps between the literature are identified and articulated. Succinct concluding statements which summarize the review in its entirety. You will use a lot of paraphrasing in this paper. Always cite the author (in-text or parenthetical) when you paraphrase them. No more than 5 one-sentence direct quotes can be used in this paper. Use APA guidelines for formatting and referencing. Demonstrate graduate-level writing conventions – The use of the Writing Center and/or Grammarly is suggested for editing. Attach your completed literature review to this page as an attachment. See the following resources for additional help and direction on this assignment: What is a literature review Comparing the annotated bibliography to the literature review Sample literature review
Answer Below:
Introduction Bipolar disorder has been a complex and chronic mental health illness leading individuals with experiences such as extreme mood changes, thus impacting their daily functioning, relationships, and overall quality of life. Hence, based on this scenario, a comprehensive approach involving pharmacological, psychological, and lifestyle interventions is necessary to ensure the effective management of bipolar disorder. This paper has been designed to examine the importance of specialized mental health interventions for individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) in the criminal justice system, focusing on the role of early diagnosis, access to treatment, and the influence of support programs in reducing recidivism and improving overall rehabilitation outcomes. The Feminist Theories of Crime The feminist models of crime emerged in the early 1970s and aligned with the women’s rights movement. The lack of rational theorizing about criminal incidents involving females and why the criminal justice system treats them differently led to the development of the feminist school of criminology (Chesney-Lind & Pasko, 2004). Before the 1970s, theories that described why girls and women engage in criminal acts were mainly based on false stereotypes. The feminist theories of crime can be classified into the gender ratio problem and the generalizability issue (Tibbetts & Hemmens, 2015). The gender ratio issue involves theories and studies that examine why females are less likely to commit less serious, violent offenses than males. However, some experts argue that since females often commit less violence, such kind of knowledge can be used to reduce male offending (Tibbetts & Herz, 1996). In contrast, the generalizability argument states that theorists should generalize the findings on male offending to females. However, the diverse differences between males and females based on factors that predict their offending patterns make generalizing them insensible. The feminist theories of crime enable researchers to assess crime rates and patterns between males and females. Feminist models of crime are based on the idea that women in current society are freer and have rights than their counterparts in previous generations. In the 1970s, seminal models of female crime predicted that providing women with more freedom and rights would increase their offending rates (Adler, 1975). However, there is no increase in serious, violent crimes among women. The rise of various forms of feminism has led to different types of feminist theories of crime (Daly & Chesney-Lind, 1988). According to liberal feminism, the differences between females and males in offending were caused by the lack of opportunities for women in employment and education. In contrast, critical feminism or radical feminism states that patriarchy leads males to dominate every aspect of society (Tibbetts & Hemmens, 2015). Marxist feminism believes that men control global economic prosperity. Socialist feminism asserts that women should control their reproductive functions and bodies to allow them to maintain their criminality. Furthermore, postmodern feminism states that the uniqueness of every person’s experience makes it impossible to understand women as a group. The variations of feminist perspectives have led to the growth of feminist models of crime. Prevalence of BD in Forensic Populations According to Calabrò et al. (2021), the prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) is much higher in the forensic and jailed populations than in the general community. People with BD frequently come into contact with the criminal justice system because of their mood-related behavior, such as impulsivity during manic episodes or unpredictable, risky acts that could be illegal. In contrast to depressive states, which can result in self-destructive activities or the disregard of obligations that inadvertently implicate the law, manic episodes can result in conflicts with law enforcement, including public disturbances, property violations, or even aggressive conduct. Additionally, people being affected by BD deal with socioeconomic issues such as homelessness, unemployment, or lack of access to healthcare, which can lead to their involvement in the criminal justice system. Similarly, these difficulties have been made worse by substance use disorders and social discrimination that makes a prevalent comorbidity in BD and increase the risk of incarceration. Effective therapies must be prioritized due to the intricate interactions between substance addiction, psychiatric symptoms, and external socioeconomic pressures (Lamberti et al., 2020). In forensic settings, specialized treatment models catered to the requirements of people with BD can lessen the disorder's effects, lower recidivism, and enhance rehabilitation results. Challenges in Early Diagnosis and Intervention It is challenging to diagnose BD in forensic groups in a timely manner. The symptoms of BD are sometimes confused with those of other disorders, including as schizophrenia or personality disorders, and many people who join the criminal justice system have untreated or undiagnosed mental health issues. While depressed symptoms can be mistaken for simple sadness or indifference, manic activities can be mistaken for violence or resistance. The diagnostic process for BD has been made more difficult by the stigma associated with mental health; however, people may minimize or hide their symptoms out of social fear especially against social discrimination and authorities in the criminal justice system. Furthermore, correct diagnosis is frequently delayed in forensic environments due to the absence of standardized screening instruments. To improve early intervention efforts, law enforcement, legal professionals, and correctional officials must get training on BD symptoms. Legal and Policy Framework People with BD are frequently not given the proper help by the present legal and policy environment, which feeds the cycle of incarceration and untreated mental illness. People with BD confront more difficulties when policies emphasize punitive rather than therapeutic strategies (Tibbetts & Herz, 1996). Mandatory sentencing laws and "three-strike" rules, for example, fail to take into account the part that mental illness plays in criminal behavior, resulting in disproportionate punishments for acts that are influenced by untreated mental illnesses. Reforms that prioritize diversion programs where people with BD can be sent to mental health treatment centers instead of jails are desperately needed. Specialized probation programs and mental health courts are two policies that have demonstrated potential in meeting the needs of criminals with mental illnesses. Additionally, there is still little funding for mental health treatments within the legal system, which restricts BD patients' access to psychiatrists, counsellors, and medication management. In order to guarantee that people with BD receive the care they require to effectively manage their disease and reintegrate into society, advocacy for more robust legal safeguards and increased resource allocation is essential. Stigma and Societal Perception Every step of the criminal justice system is impacted by the widespread stigma associated with mental health conditions, including BD. People with BD are frequently portrayed in negative stereotypes as violent, erratic, or incapable of recovery. Judges' decisions are influenced by these views, which might result in harsher penalties and restricted access to diversionary programs (Zanardi et al., 2021). Stigma among peers and personnel in correctional facilities can keep people with BD from getting treatment, which exacerbates their disease. After being released from prison, people with BD also face societal stigma, which makes it more difficult for them to start again. The stigma of mental illness coupled with the designation of "criminal" causes a double burden, making it hard to get social assistance, work, and accommodation. In the views of Memarian et al. (2020), education and awareness initiatives that mainstream mental health issues and highlight the efficacy of treatment are necessary to combat stigma. Law enforcement and correctional personnel might benefit from training programs that promote empathy and lessen biased behavior. Furthermore, by emphasizing rehabilitation over retaliation, partnerships between mental health organizations and the criminal justice system can establish a more friendly atmosphere for people with BD. Conclusion This paper studies the significance of providing specialized mental health care for people with bipolar disorder in the criminal justice system, with emphasis on the role of early diagnosis, access to treatment, and the impact of support programs in reducing recidivism and promoting overall rehabilitation outcomes. The research studies defined in the annotated bibliography and the literature review reflects on varied and changing methods of treating BD. This appropriately emphasized on a comprehensive and individualized care model can minimize recidivism and improve the health outcomes and well-being of people with bipolar disorder. References Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in crime: The rise of the new female criminal. McGraw-Hill. Barton, J., Khoubaeva, D., Mio, M., Timmins, V., Fiksenbaum, L. M., Mitchell, R. H., & Goldstein, B. I. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of police contact amongst youth with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.078 Calabrò, G., Musolino, A. F., Filippo, A. A., de Filippis, R., Carbone, E. A., Rania, M., ... & Segura-Garcia, C. (2021). Clinical impact of psychopathy on bipolar disorder. Medicina, 57(2), 165, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020165 Chesney-Lind, M., & Pasko, L. (2004). The female offender: girls, women, and crime. Sage. Daly, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminology. Justice Quarterly, 5, 536-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418828800089871 Lamberti, J. S., Katsetos, V., Jacobowitz, D. B., & Weisman, R. L. (2020). Psychosis, mania, and criminal recidivism: associations and implications for prevention. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(3), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000251 Memarian, A., Moosavinezhad Baboli, S. H., & Shekofteh, H. S. (2020). Insanity defense in bipolar patients at the time of committing murder according to Iranian law: Case studies. Medico-Legal Journal, 88(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817219876548 Tibbetts, S.G., & Hemmens, C. (2015). Criminological theory: A Text/Reader (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. Tibbetts, S., & Herz, D. (1996). Gender differences in factors of social control and rational choice. Deviant Behavior 17: 183-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1996.9968022 Zanardi, R., Attanasio, F., Manfredi, E., & Colombo, C. (2021). Aggressiveness in bipolar illness: From stigma to reality. Psychopathol. Forensic Setting, 27, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.36148/2284-0249-422More Articles From Judiciary
.ico)
.ico)
.ico)
.ico)
