Question.1023 - Chapter 18 and 19 Questions- (3 pts each, except 8 which is worth 10 pts) Imagine someone contracts the flu. Outline the four phases of the immune response to this virus. What is a vaccine and how does getting a vaccine impact immunity for the immunized person and others? A pathogen is a fancy name for germ. Describe the ways pathogens can be transmitted. Bacteria and viruses are both pathogens. Sometimes the symptoms are very similar and it’s difficult to tell if something is a virus (like the flu) or bacteria (like strep throat). Which one could you treat with antibiotics and why? Which can you get a vaccine for – the flu or strep throat? If you live on a college campus, what are 8 steps you can consistently take to avoid illnesses? If you don’t live on campus, what are 8 things you can do in your current living environment to avoid illness? What is HIV and what part of the body does it attack? What makes HIV challenging to treat? How is HIV transmitted? Check out Figure 19.4 in the textbook. What is the riskiest of all sexual behaviors regarding HIV? List 5 factual preventive measures to help prevent STIs. Complete for the following types of STIs (10 pt question)
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Assignment: Chapters 18 and 19 Questions Eric Stewart Central Methodist University PE210: Personal and Community Health Professor Tara Brackman July 23rd, 2023 Assignment: Chapters 18 and 19 Questions The Immune Response to the Flu Virus Has Four Stages: a. Recognition Phase: The flu virus is recognized as an unidentified intruder by the immune system; this happens whenever the virus penetrates the body via respiratory droplets and particular immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, identify the virus's existence (Yang et al., 2016). b. Activation Phase: To battle the flu virus, the immune system activates various immunological responses; this is accomplished by the activation of B and T cells, that belong to specialized white blood cells (Yang et al., 2016). B cells create antibodies that combat the flu virus, whereas T cells assault infected cells directly (Yang et al., 2016). c. Effector Phase: The immunological response becomes more intense during this phase (Yang et al., 2016). Antibodies tend to work by sticking themselves to the flu viruses in the body such that it does not lead to infecting cells; that prevents the virus from replicating itself; cytotoxic T cells then detects the infected cells and destroy it (Yang et al., 2016). d. Memory Phase: Memory B and T cells are generated after the infection has been eliminated but the cells tend to store the memory of the flu virus in terms of detection such that they can identify if it encounters such virus again and responds to it (Yang et al., 2016). What Is a Vaccine and How Does It Affect Immunity: Vaccination in medical terms is referred to as the biological preparation wherein it enables the body to identify pathogens and responds to it by stimulating the immune system to develop immunological responses and vaccination enables the body to establish a memory B and T cells such that similar or identical bacterium enters the body it can use the stored memory to eradicate or fight back reducing the severity and also boost herd immunity, one such example could be Covid-19 wherein the spread of pathogen was restricted through vaccination herd immunity (Castrucci, 2018). Pathogen Transmission: Pathogens can be transferred in a variety of ways, including: a. Direct Contact: Pathogens can be transmitted by contact with contaminated body fluids that include blood transmission, saliva, or droplets from the airway (McCallum et al., 2001). Pathogens can be transferred by contact with infected objects or surfaces; touching virus or bacteria-infected doorknobs, shared products, or surfaces can result in transmission (McCallum et al., 2001). c. Airborne Transmission: Some diseases may circulate in the air through respiratory droplets and be breathed in by others, infecting them (McCallum et al., 2001). The flu virus and TB bacterium are two examples. Primarily pathogens tend to be spread by vectors who have the potential to transmit the disease. Vaccines and Antibiotics: Firstly, considering antibiotics that treats bacterial illnesses by either killing or preventing the development of bacteria (Mishra et al., 2012). Secondly, in terms of vaccines that serve as preventative measure for that supports the immune system, a recent example could be Covid-19 wherein the vaccination had a dead strand of Covid-19 virus, helping the body find out, mitigate and fight the virus if it entered. Note: Vaccination for influenza virus is accessible and mandatory, but not for strep throat (bacterial infection) (Mishra et al., 2012). Streptococcus bacteria tends to cause strep throat, but it can be eliminated using antibiotics (Mishra et al., 2012). 8 Steps to Avoiding Illness Outside of College (according to my understanding): a. Maintain Good Hygiene Practices: Wash your hands frequently and avoid touching your face. b. Sustain a Clean Living Environment: Clean and disinfect regularly touched surfaces on a regular basis. c. Use Respiratory Etiquette: Covering coughs and sneezes to prevent respiratory diseases from spreading. d. Get Vaccinated: Maintain current immunizations, particularly the flu vaccine. e. Balanced Diet: foods that have a balance of all nutritious values and support immunity. f. Exercise on a Regular Basis. g. Get Adequate Sleep. h. Limit contact with ill persons. HIV is a retrovirus that compromises the immune system in terms of CD4+ T cells, particularly helper T cells (Reeves & Doms, 2002), which makes it challenging for the body to fight back. Spread: contact or through bodily fluids, including mother to child. Treatment Difficulties: No appropriate cure since DNA of CD4+ T cells are infected (Reeves & Doms, 2002). Unprotected anal intercourse is regarded the riskiest sexual practice for HIV transmission because the rectal lining is more prone to rips and abrasions, making it simpler for the virus to get into the circulation. STI Prevention: a. Abstinence: Avoid sexual activity to avoid STI transmission. a. Monogamous Relationships: Reduce intimate relationships and keep a relationship that is monogamous with an individual who has tested negative for STIs (Reeves & Doms, 2002). b. Condom Use: Use contraceptives/condoms?regularly and appropriately during sexual intercourse to lower the risk of STI transmission (Reeves & Doms, 2002). c. Regular Testing: Get tested for STIs on a regular basis, especially if you are sexually active with several partners (Reeves & Doms, 2002). d. Vaccination: To avoid infection, be immunized against STIs such HPV (Human Papillomavirus) (Reeves & Doms, 2002). STI: Chlamydia Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatis (Linhares, 2017). Stages: Infects the male and female reproductive and urinary systems of humans (Linhares, 2017). Symptoms: vaginal or penile discharge, difficult urination, and pelvic discomfort (Linhares, 2017). Rare visible symptoms are found in women (Linhares, 2017). Antibiotics: azithromycin or doxycycline (Linhares, 2017). STI: Gonorrhea Pathogen: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Unemo & Shafer, 2011). Stages: infects male and female reproductive and urinary tract mucous membranes, in addition to the throat and rectum (Unemo & Shafer, 2011). Symptoms: affected urinary tract, abnormal vaginal discharge, PID in women and epididymitis while inflammatory condition of the epididymis in males (Unemo & Shafer, 2011). Antibiotics: ceftriaxone and azithromycin (Unemo & Shafer, 2011). STI: Genital Herpes Pathogen - Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2, HSV-1) (Taylor et al., 2002). Stages: Genital herpes starts with - painful sores or blisters in the genital region with progressive outbreaks (Taylor et al., 2002). Treatment: No cure for genital herpes (Taylor et al., 2002). Possibility: Antiviral drugs - acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir tend to reduce the outbreak (Taylor et al., 2002). STI: Syphilis Bacterium - Treponema pallidum Pathogen (Salazar et al., 2002). Stages: 1) primary: A painless chancre forms at the site of infection during the first stage (Salazar et al., 2002). 2) secondary: ash and flu-like symptoms. 3) latent & tertiary: affects numerous organs and neurological and cardiovascular disorders. Antibiotics, mainly penicillin, are used to treat syphilis (Salazar et al., 2002). References Castrucci, M. R. (2018). Factors affecting immune responses to the influenza vaccine. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 14(3), 637-646. McCallum, H., Barlow, N., & Hone, J. (2001). How should pathogen transmission be modelled?. Trends in ecology & evolution, 16(6), 295-300. Mishra, R. P., Oviedo-Orta, E., Prachi, P., Rappuoli, R., & Bagnoli, F. (2012). Vaccines and antibiotic resistance. Current opinion in microbiology, 15(5), 596-602. Reeves, J. D., & Doms, R. W. (2002). Human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Journal of general virology, 83(6), 1253-1265. Salazar, J. C., Hazlett, K. R., & Radolf, J. D. (2002). The immune response to infection with Treponema pallidum, the stealth pathogen. Microbes and infection, 4(11), 1133-1140. Taylor, T. J., Brockman, M. A., McNamee, E. E., & Knipe, D. M. (2002). Herpes simplex virus. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, 7(4), 752-764. Unemo, M., & Shafer, W. M. (2011). Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: origin, evolution, and lessons learned for the future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1230(1), E19-E28. Witkin, S. S., Minis, E., Athanasiou, A., Leizer, J., & Linhares, I. M. (2017). Chlamydia trachomatis: the persistent pathogen. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 24(10), e00203-17. Yang, J., Liu, S., Du, L., & Jiang, S. (2016). A new role of neuraminidase (NA) in the influenza virus life cycle: implication for developing NA inhibitors with novel mechanism of action. Reviews in Medical Virology, 26(4), 242-250.More Articles From Physiology
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